Supporting core practice in Health and Social Care (Adults) Cefnogi ymarfer craidd mewn Iechyd a Gofal Cymdeithasol (Oedolion)
Safeguarding individuals from harm, abuse and neglect Diogelu unigolion rhag niwed, camdriniaeth ac esgeulustod

Abuse occurs as the result of deliberate harm or negligence, and usually stems from the fact that perpetrators have little or no regard for their victims. They do not value them as individuals. Best practice in health and social care settings requires workers to use individual-centred values in their work. By doing so, they demonstrate respect for:

• Personal values, beliefs, preferences and life experiences – a lack of respect for, for example, the value someone puts on family and treasured possessions, their religious and political beliefs, their likes and dislikes and their life history can be emotional abuse.
• Choices – denying a choice of food can be physical abuse. Preventing someone from getting up and going to bed when they decide can be a form of institutional abuse.
• Rights – for example, a failure to protect from danger and denying medication amount to physical abuse; unfair treatment and discrimination is emotional abuse; denying someone their pocket money or benefit payments is financial abuse; denying personal privacy could amount to sexual abuse; and not promoting dignity could be seen as neglect.
• Active participation and independence – we all need to be involved in everyday life and to develop and maintain independence. Failure to encourage an individual to take part in activities and relationships on a day-to-day basis and to live their life independently may be both emotionally and institutionally abusive. In addition, preventing someone from being an active partner in their care can be emotional abuse.

Mae camdriniaeth yn digwydd o ganlyniad i niwed neu esgeulustod bwriadol, ac fel arfer mae'n deillio o'r ffaith nad oes gan y tramgwyddwyr lawer o barch neu unrhyw barch tuag at eu dioddefwyr. Nid ydyn nhw'n eu gwerthfawrogi fel unigolion. Mae arfer gorau mewn lleoliadau iechyd a gofal cymdeithasol yn gofyn i weithwyr ddefnyddio gwerthoedd sy'n canolbwyntio ar yr unigolyn yn eu gwaith. Drwy wneud hynny, maen nhw'n dangos parch at y canlynol:

• Gwerthoedd personol, credoau, dymuniadau a phrofiadau bywyd - gall diffyg parch tuag at, er enghraifft, y gwerth mae rhywun yn ei roi ar deulu ac eiddo gwerthfawr, eu crefydd a'u credoau gwleidyddol, eu hoff bethau a chas bethau a hanes eu bywyd fod yn gamdriniaeth emosiynol.
• Dewisiadau - gall gwadu dewis o fwyd fod yn gamdriniaeth gorfforol. Gall atal rhywun rhag codi a mynd i'w gwely pan fyddan nhw'n penderfynu gwneud hynny fod yn fath o gamdriniaeth sefydliadol.
• Hawliau - er enghraifft, gall methu ag amddiffyn rhag perygl a gwadu meddyginiaeth gyfrif fel camdriniaeth gorfforol; mae triniaeth annheg a gwahaniaethu yn gamdriniaeth emosiynol; mae gwadu arian poced neu daliadau budd-dal rhywun yn gamdriniaeth ariannol; gallai gwadu preifatrwydd personol gyfrif fel camdriniaeth rywiol; a gallai methu â hyrwyddo urddas gael ei ystyried fel esgeulustod.
• Cyfranogiad gweithredol ac annibyniaeth - rydyn ni i gyd angen ymwneud â bywyd bob dydd a datblygu a chynnal annibyniaeth. Gallai methu ag annog unigolyn i gymryd rhan mewn gweithgareddau a pherthnasoedd o ddydd i ddydd ac i fyw eu bywyd yn annibynnol fod yn gamdriniaeth emosiynol a sefydliadol. Yn ogystal â hynny, gallai atal rhywun rhag bod yn bartner gweithredol yn eu gofal eu hunain fod yn gamdriniaeth emosiynol.

Establishing relationships based on trust and rapport will often make the outcome of the conversation or interaction more positive and open. However stressful or nervous they or the other individual may feel, the first thing they need to do is to try to relax and remain calm. By decreasing the tension in the situation, communication becomes easier and rapport grows.

It may be that the other individual needs to tell them something very important, something they do not want to share with anyone else. Trust and rapport can support this information exchange and the other individual feels able to speak to them as a result. However, it is vital that confidentiality is not promised in all situations. There may be times when they need to pass information on because the individual, or others, are at risk.

Yn aml, bydd meithrin perthnasoedd sy'n seiliedig ar ymddiriedaeth a chydberthynas yn gwneud canlyniad y sgwrs neu ryngweithio yn fwy cadarnhaol ac agored. Waeth pa mor nerfus neu o dan straen maen nhw neu'r unigolyn arall yn teimlo, y peth cyntaf mae angen iddyn nhw ei wneud yw ceisio ymlacio a pheidio cyffroi. Drwy leihau'r tensiwn yn y sefyllfa, mae cyfathrebu'n dod yn haws ac mae cydberthynas yn tyfu.

Efallai bod yr unigolyn arall angen dweud rhywbeth pwysig iawn wrthyn nhw, rhywbeth nad ydyn nhw eisiau ei rannu ag unrhyw un arall. Gall ymddiriedaeth a chydberthynas gefnogi'r broses hon o gyfnewid gwybodaeth ac mae'r unigolyn arall yn teimlo eu bod yn gallu siarad gyda nhw o ganlyniad. Fodd bynnag, mae'n hanfodol nad yw cyfrinachedd yn cael ei addo ym mhob sefyllfa. Efallai y bydd adegau pan fydd angen iddyn nhw drosglwyddo gwybodaeth oherwydd bod yr unigolyn, neu eraill, mewn perygl.

Risk enablement plays a natural part in self-directed care and support because it empowers the individual to take control over their care, doing what they can to prevent themselves from being harmed or injured and agreeing the care and support that they need. For example, if an individual wants to go to the bathroom on their own but has mobility problems and is also feeling weak due to being unwell, risk enablement would be used to ensure they have the mobility equipment they need, and that they have a way of calling for help if they get into difficulty. Being in control increases their self-confidence. As confidence grows, they are more likely to be open about reporting anything they are unhappy about. As a result, the risk of abuse and neglect happening is reduced.

Mae galluogi risg yn chwarae rhan naturiol mewn gofal a chymorth hunangyfeiriol oherwydd mae'n grymuso'r unigolyn i gymryd rheolaeth dros eu gofal, gwneud beth y gallant i atal eu hunain rhag cael eu niweidio neu eu hanafu a chytuno ar y gofal a'r cymorth maen nhw eu hangen. Er enghraifft, os yw unigolyn yn dymuno mynd i'r ystafell ymolchi ar eu pen eu hunain ond bod ganddynt broblemau symudedd a'u bod nhw hefyd yn teimlo'n wan am nad ydynt yn dda, byddai galluogi risg yn cael ei ddefnyddio i sicrhau bod ganddynt yr offer symudedd maen nhw eu hangen, a bod ganddyn nhw ffordd o alw am gymorth os ydyn nhw'n mynd i anhawster. Mae bod mewn rheolaeth yn cynyddu hunanhyder. Wrth i hyder dyfu, maen nhw'n fwy tebygol o fod yn agored am roi gwybod am unrhyw beth maen nhw'n anhapus amdano. O ganlyniad, mae'r risg o gam-drin ac esgeulustod yn lleihau.

The more that health and social care workers know about the kind of social networking sites and internet use an individual wants to access or already belongs to and what information they like to share, the more likely it is that the worker will be able to keep them safe. Explain to them the risks, who might harm them and how and agree how they would like to stay safe. This might involve introducing security settings, or specific times they access social media or the internet.

Using mobile phones can create risk through the sharing of phone numbers. Stress that meeting up with individuals they know online or by phone can be dangerous and that they should only do so after further discussion, in a safe place and/or with others present.

Communicating the risks must be done at the individual’s preferred level and pace, using terminology they understand.

Y mwyaf y bydd gweithwyr iechyd a gofal cymdeithasol yn ei wybod am y math o safleoedd rhwydweithio cymdeithasol a defnydd o'r we mae unigolyn yn dymuno eu defnyddio neu'n perthyn iddynt eisoes a pha wybodaeth y bydden nhw'n hoffi ei rhannu, y mwyaf tebygol yw hi y bydd y gweithiwr yn gallu eu cadw'n ddiogel. Dylai gweithwyr iechyd a gofal cymdeithasol esbonio’r risgiau iddyn nhw, pwy allai eu niweidio a sut, a chytuno ar sut y bydd modd iddyn nhw aros yn ddiogel. Gallai hyn gynnwys cyflwyno gosodiadau diogelwch, neu amseroedd penodol pan fyddan nhw'n defnyddio'r cyfryngau cymdeithasol neu'r we.

Gall defnyddio ffonau symudol greu risg drwy rannu rhifau ffôn. Pwysleisiwch y gallai cyfarfod unigolion maen nhw'n eu hadnabod ar-lein neu dros y ffôn fod yn beryglus ac y dylent wneud hynny ar ôl trafod ymhellach yn unig, mewn man diogel a/neu gydag eraill yn bresennol.

Mae'n rhaid cyfathrebu'r risgiau ar lefel a chyflymder o ddewis yr unigolyn, gan ddefnyddio terminoleg maen nhw'n ei deall.

In health and social care settings, effective work relationships are based on professionalism and principles of care, which require workers to respect and promote the rights of everyone with whom they work. This includes team members, colleagues, other professionals, the individuals who need care and support and everyone who is important to them, for example their families, friends and advocates. The workers have responsibilities to the individuals that they are provided both care and support.

They must make sure that their safety and welfare is protected by ensuring that their care plan is followed and carried out in agreed, safe ways. The care that they receive should meet their needs by involving them and their carer or support network in the planning, review and delivery of their care. Treating the individuals fairly is important so that their rights are upheld by working in ways that promote equality and diversity and uphold their dignity and human rights.

Reporting poor or unsafe practice also helps prevent abuse, neglect or harm. This allows lessons to be learnt through thinking about and agreeing what went wrong.

Mewn lleoliadau iechyd a gofal cymdeithasol, mae perthnasoedd gwaith effeithiol yn seiliedig ar broffesiynoldeb ac egwyddorion gofal, sy'n ei gwneud yn ofynnol i'r gweithwyr barchu a hyrwyddo hawliau pawb maen nhw'n gweithio gyda nhw. Mae hyn yn cynnwys aelodau o'r tîm, cydweithwyr, gweithwyr proffesiynol eraill, yr unigolion sydd angen gofal a chymorth a phawb sy'n bwysig iddyn nhw, er enghraifft eu teuluoedd, ffrindiau ac eiriolwyr. Mae gan y gweithwyr gyfrifoldebau i'r unigolion i sicrhau eu bod nhw'n derbyn gofal a chymorth.

Mae'n rhaid iddynt sicrhau bod eu diogelwch a'u lles yn cael eu hamddiffyn drwy sicrhau bod eu cynllun gofal yn cael ei ddilyn a'i gyflawni mewn ffyrdd diogel, y cytunwyd arnynt. Dylai'r gofal maen nhw'n ei dderbyn fodloni eu hanghenion drwy eu cynnwys nhw a'u gofalwr neu eu rhwydwaith cymorth yn y gwaith o gynllunio, adolygu a darparu eu gofal. Mae trin yr unigolion yn deg yn bwysig fel bod eu hawliau yn cael eu cynnal drwy weithio mewn ffyrdd sy'n hybu cydraddoldeb ac amrywiaeth ac yn cynnal eu hurddas a'u hawliau dynol.

Mae adrodd am arfer gwael neu anniogel hefyd yn helpu i atal camdriniaeth, niwed ac esgeulustod. Mae hyn yn galluogi dysgu gwersi drwy feddwl am a chytuno ar yr hyn aeth o'i le.