Supporting core practice in Health and Social Care (Adults) Cefnogi ymarfer craidd mewn Iechyd a Gofal Cymdeithasol (Oedolion)
Support for personal care and continence Cymorth ym maes gofal personol ac ymataliaeth

Personal care is a broad term for care related to personal hygiene. The dictionary defines personal care as ‘help given to elderly or infirm people with essential everyday activities such as washing, dressing and meals.’

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/personal-care

It refers to assistance with daily tasks such as:

• showering
• bathing
• dressing and undressing
• toileting (including use of a commode)
• applying creams and lotions
• oral hygiene and toothbrushing
• makeup and hair care
• shaving
• footcare
• changing incontinence pads
• moving in bed to avoid pressure sores
• changing or maintaining a stoma or catheter bag.

Where personal care is provided it is tailored to the needs of individuals and needs to be recorded in a care plan which will also support and encourage the independence of the individual and give psychological and emotional support.

Term cyffredinol am ofal sy'n gysylltiedig â hylendid personol yw gofal personol. Yn ôl diffiniad un geiriadur, ystyr y term yw ‘help given to elderly or infirm people with essential everyday activities such as washing, dressing and meals.’

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/personal-care

Mae'n cyfeirio at gymorth â thasgau beunyddiol fel:

• cael cawod
• cael bath
• gwisgo a dadwisgo
• mynd i'r toiled (gan gynnwys defnyddio comôd)
• rhoi hufenau ac elïau
• hylendid y geg a brwsio dannedd
• colur a gofal y gwallt
• eillio
• gofal y traed
• newid padiau anymataliaeth
• symud yn y gwely er mwyn osgoi briwiau pwyso
• newid neu gynnal a chadw bag stoma neu gathetr.

Lle rhoddir gofal personol, caiff ei deilwra'n unol ag anghenion unigolion ac mae angen ei gofnodi mewn cynllun gofal a fydd hefyd yn helpu ac yn annog yr unigolyn i fod yn annibynnol ac yn rhoi cymorth seicolegol ac emosiynol.

When providing personal care, it is important to respect the dignity, choices, wishes and preferences of individuals. Individuals should be empowered and remain in control of what is happening to them. Choice and control are key aspects of promoting dignity.

This can be done in a number of ways:

• speak to the individual before personal care about their preferences
• speak to the individual after personal care about how their needs have been met and any changes they would like
• speak to the individual about their changing care needs
• speak to family and other carers involved
• look at previous documentation in relation to the individual’s preferences and habits
• use alternative means of communication, e.g. pictures
• find out about religious or cultural requirements
• read care plans/ risk assessments
• discuss specialist equipment used with an occupational therapist
• work with advocacy services.

Wrth roi gofal personol, mae'n bwysig parchu urddas unigolion, eu dewisiadau, eu dymuniadau a'r hyn sydd orau ganddynt. Dylai unigolion gael eu grymuso a pharhau i fod â rheolaeth dros yr hyn sy'n digwydd iddynt. Mae dewis a rheolaeth yn agweddau allweddol ar hybu urddas.

Gellir gwneud hyn mewn nifer o ffyrdd:

• siarad â'r unigolyn am yr hyn sydd orau ganddo cyn rhoi gofal personol
• siarad â'r unigolyn ar ôl rhoi gofal personol am y ffordd y cafodd ei anghenion eu diwallu ac unrhyw newidiadau yr hoffai eu gwneud
• siarad â'r unigolyn am newidiadau yn ei anghenion gofal
• siarad â'r teulu a gofalwyr eraill sy'n rhan o'r broses
• edrych ar ddogfennaeth flaenorol mewn perthynas â dewisiadau ac arferion yr unigolyn
• defnyddio dulliau cyfathrebu amgen, e.e. lluniau
• dysgu am ofynion crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol
• darllen cynlluniau gofal/asesiadau risg
• trafod offer arbenigol a ddefnyddir â therapydd galwedigaethol
• gweithio gyda gwasanaethau eirioli.

It is important that the privacy and dignity of individuals are respected at all times during personal care.

This can be supported in a number of ways:

• ensure a confidentiality policy is in place and implemented
• restrict access to personal information, including financial records
• provide training for staff
• respect privacy and ask for permission before entering a private space
• support dignity; e.g. during a strip wash, cover the bottom half of the body while the top half is being washed
• provide the individual with choice and options
• communicate with the individual during personal care routines as an equal
• show respect for an individual’s personal belongings
• use ‘do not disturb’ signs
• ask for an individual’s permission to carry out personal care routines
• ensure single sex toilet and bathroom facilities are available
• provide en-suite toilets and bathrooms
• dress an individual appropriately to maintain dignity and let them choose their clothing
• use enuresis pads where there is incontinence
• ensure food looks and tastes nice.

Mae'n bwysig parchu preifatrwydd ac urddas unigolion bob amser yn ystod gofal personol.

Gellir gwneud hyn mewn nifer o ffyrdd:

• sicrhau bod polisi cyfrinachedd ar waith ac yn cael ei ddilyn
• cyfyngu mynediad at wybodaeth bersonol, gan gynnwys cofnodion ariannol
• rhoi hyfforddiant i'r staff
• parchu preifatrwydd a gofyn am ganiatâd cyn mynd i mewn i le preifat
• cefnogi urddas, e.e. wrth olchi corff unigolyn, gorchuddio hanner isaf y corff tra bo'r hanner uchaf yn cael ei olchi
• rhoi dewis ac opsiynau i'r unigolyn
• cyfathrebu â'r unigolyn yn ystod arferion gofal personol fel rhywun cyfartal
• dangos parch at eiddo personol unigolyn
• defnyddio arwyddion ‘peidiwch â tharfu’
• gofyn am ganiatâd unigolyn cyn cyflawni arferion gofal personol
• sicrhau bod cyfleusterau toiled ac ymolchi un rhyw ar gael
• darparu toiledau ac ystafelloedd ymolchi en-suite
• gwisgo unigolyn yn briodol er mwyn cynnal urddas a chaniatáu iddo ddewis ei ddillad
• defnyddio padiau enwresis os oes anymataliaeth
• sicrhau bod bwyd yn edrych ac yn blasu'n dda.

Continence refers to control of the bladder and bowel. It is the ability to retain urine or faeces until the proper time or place for their release. A continent individual knows when they need the bathroom and uses it.

Factors that may contribute to difficulties with continence include:

• childbirth
• being overweight
• enlarged prostate or prostate surgery
• stroke
• neurological disorder, e.g. Parkinson’s disease, Multiple sclerosis
• spinal cord injury
• diabetes
• mobility issues linked to disability (This is referred to as functional incontinence. The individual is aware they need the toilet but unable to get there independently)
• dementia or memory difficulty
• bowel, bladder, urinary tract infection
• Crohn's disease
• diarrhoea/constipation
• medication, e.g. diuretics, opioids, antidepressants
• alcohol and caffeine
• smoking
• changes with age
• obstruction, e.g. urinary stones
• family history
• drugs, e.g. ketamine.

Ystyr ymataliaeth yw rheolaeth dros y bledren a'r coluddyn, hynny yw, y gallu i ddal wrin neu ysgarthion nes bod amser neu le priodol i'w rhyddhau. Mae unigolyn ymataliol yn gwybod pryd mae angen defnyddio'r toiled ac yn gwneud hynny.

Ymhlith y ffactorau a all gyfrannu at broblemau ymataliaeth mae:

• geni plant
• bod dros bwysau
• prostad wedi chwyddo neu lawdriniaeth ar y brostad
• strôc
• anhwylder niwrolegol, e.e. clefyd Parkinson, sglerosis ymledol
• anaf i fadruddyn y cefn
• diabetes
• problemau symudedd sy'n gysylltiedig ag anabledd (Weithiau gelwir hyn yn anymataliaeth ymarferol. Mae'r unigolyn yn ymwybodol bod angen iddo ddefnyddio'r toiled ond ni all fynd yno'n annibynnol)
• dementia neu broblemau gyda'r cof
• haint yn y coluddyn neu'r bledren, haint y llwybr wrinol
• clefyd Crohn
• dolur rhydd/rhwymedd
• meddyginiaeth, e.e. diwretigion, opioidau, cyffuriau gwrth-iselder
• alcohol a chaffein
• ysmygu
• newidiadau yn unol ag oedran
• rhwystr, e.e. cerrig wrinol
• hanes y teulu
• cyffuriau, e.e. cetamin.

Incontinence can be upsetting for both the individual involved and those around them.

Incontinence can affect work, exercise, sex and one's social life, having a significant impact on well-being and self-esteem. Many individuals who have difficulties with continence also experience depression.

If an individual is unable to exercise, this will impact on their weight which may exacerbate continence problems. Daily routines, such as housework and shopping, can become a problem leading to poor nutrition and living conditions. Individuals may feel dirty, worry that they smell or their clothes are soiled and can become isolated and depressed or anxious. Feelings of frustration or anger may be displayed.

Incontinence can affect performance and confidence at work with frequent toilet visits which an individual may not feel comfortable explaining to their manager. It may limit choices of clothing, which will have a negative impact on self-esteem.

Individuals who need the toilet frequently at night are not getting enough rest, which will affect concentration and lower the immune system, making them more vulnerable to illness.

Gall anymataliaeth beri gofid i'r unigolyn dan sylw ac i bobl o'i gwmpas.

Gall ymataliaeth effeithio ar waith, ymarfer corff, rhyw a bywyd cymdeithasol, gan gael effaith sylweddol ar lesiant a hunan-barch. Mae llawer o unigolion sy'n wynebu problemau ymataliaeth hefyd yn profi iselder.

Os na all unigolyn wneud ymarfer corff, bydd hyn yn effeithio ar ei bwysau, a all waethygu problemau ymataliaeth. Gall arferion dyddiol fel gwaith tŷ a siopa fynd yn broblem gan arwain at faethiad ac amodau byw gwael. Gall unigolion deimlo'n fudr, poeni eu bod yn drewi neu fod eu dillad wedi'u baeddu a mynd yn ynysig ac yn isel neu'n bryderus. Gellir arddangos teimladau o rwystredigaeth neu ddicter.

Gall anymataliaeth effeithio ar berfformiad a hyder yn y gwaith, e.e. os bydd unigolyn yn mynd i'r toiled yn aml ac efallai ddim yn teimlo'n gyfforddus yn esbonio hynny i'w reolwr. Gall gyfyngu ar ddewisiadau o ran dillad, a fydd yn cael effaith negyddol ar hunan-barch.

Nid yw unigolion sydd angen mynd i'r toiled yn aml yn ystod y nos yn cael digon o orffwys, a fydd yn effeithio ar eu gallu i ganolbwyntio ac yn gostwng eu system imiwnedd, gan olygu eu bod yn fwy agored i salwch.

It is important that the different beliefs, sexual preferences and values of individuals are respected in the management of continence to ensure they receive appropriate support.

Gender, sexual preferences, beliefs, religion and culture can impact on the wishes of individuals. If these are not considered and followed, it may result in social isolation and healthcare issues.

Individuals from all backgrounds may experience embarrassment regarding continence issues and may not be willing to discuss them with a professional of the opposite sex. They could also feel uncomfortable undressing in front of others.

In some cultures, it is forbidden for women to expose their bodies to men apart from their husbands who they may not wish to discuss issues with, so they will avoid any physical examinations.

Incontinence can have an effect on religion for some cultures (in particular Jewish and Muslim women) as it affects the need for cleanliness during prayer. Muslim women have a strong preference for female doctors. This is for cultural reasons. Barriers to communication and language differences may prevent discussion in regard to continence. If translators are used, individuals may be concerned about confidentiality. Individuals may be reluctant to use family members to translate because of embarrassment.

Transgender men may struggle to find the appropriate toilet for them to use. However, things are improving in this area as there are now LGBT toilets in most city centres and buildings around the UK where younger members of the public frequent. Most FE colleges and universities offer these facilities.

Mae'n bwysig bod credoau, cyfeiriadedd rhywiol a gwerthoedd unigolion yn cael eu parchu wrth reoli ymataliaeth er mwyn sicrhau eu bod yn cael cymorth priodol.

Gall rhywedd, cyfeiriadedd rhywiol, credoau, crefydd a diwylliant effeithio ar ddymuniadau unigolion. Os na chaiff y rhain eu hystyried a'u dilyn, gall hynny arwain at ynysu cymdeithasol a phroblemau gofal iechyd.

Gall unigolion o bob cefndir deimlo cywilydd mewn perthynas â phroblemau ymataliaeth, ac efallai na fyddant yn fodlon eu trafod â gweithiwr proffesiynol o'r rhyw arall. Gallent hefyd deimlo'n anghyfforddus yn dadwisgo o flaen pobl eraill.

Mewn rhai diwylliannau, gwaherddir menywod rhag dangos eu cyrff i ddynion ar wahân i'w gwŷr na fyddant o bosibl yn dymuno trafod problemau â nhw, felly byddant yn osgoi unrhyw archwiliadau corfforol.

Gall anymataliaeth effeithio ar grefydd mewn rhai diwylliannau (yn enwedig menywod Iddewig a Mwslimaidd) am fod hynny'n effeithio ar yr angen i fod yn lân wrth weddïo. Mae'n well o lawer gan fenywod Mwslimaidd weld meddygon benywaidd, a hynny am resymau diwylliannol. Gall rhwystrau rhag cyfathrebu a gwahaniaethau iaith atal trafodaeth ynglŷn ag ymataliaeth. Os defnyddir cyfieithwyr, efallai y bydd unigolion yn pryderu am gyfrinachedd. Gall unigolion fod yn amharod i ddefnyddio aelodau o'r teulu i gyfieithu am eu bod yn teimlo cywilydd.

Gall dynion trawsrywiol ei chael hi'n anodd dod o hyd i'r toiled priodol i'w ddefnyddio. Fodd bynnag, mae pethau'n gwella yn y maes hwn gan fod toiledau LGBT bellach ar gael yn y rhan fwyaf o ganol dinasoedd ac adeiladau ledled y DU y bydd aelodau iau o'r cyhoedd yn eu mynychu. Mae'r rhan fwyaf o golegau addysg bellach a phrifysgolion yn cynnig y cyfleusterau hyn.

A number of aids and types of equipment can support the management of continence and assist individuals in having a normal life.

These include:

• Incontinence pads (enuresis pads) – Disposable, available in supermarkets and pharmacies, come in different sizes.
• Pull up pants with built in pads.
• Male continence sheath – A specialist device shaped like a condom that drains urine. A larger sheath can be used overnight.
• Absorbent bed pad / waterproof mattress protector – Sheets with waterproof backing can assist a good night’s sleep.
• Chair protectors – Pads with a waterproof backing to protect chairs and sheets. These can be used in addition to pads and pull up pants.
• Catheters – Drain urine directly from the bladder into a drainage bag. Can be placed under clothing or over the bed. A catheter must be prescribed by a doctor or health specialist.
• Commodes/bedpans – Can support individuals with mobility problems to get to the toilet quickly.

Gall nifer o gymhorthion a mathau o gyfarpar helpu i reoli ymataliaeth a chynorthwyo unigolion i fyw bywyd normal.

Mae’r rhain yn cynnwys:

• Padiau ymataliaeth (padiau enwresis) – Tafladwy, ar gael mewn archfarchnadoedd a fferyllfeydd, ar gael mewn meintiau gwahanol.
• Pants tynnu i fyny sydd â phadiau'n rhan ohonynt.
• Gwain ymataliaeth i ddynion – Dyfais arbenigol siâp condom sy'n draenio wrin. Gellir defnyddio gwain fwy dros nos.
• Pad gwely amsugnol / gorchudd matres diddos – Cynfasau â chefn diddos a all helpu pobl i gael noson dda o gwsg.
• Gorchuddion cadeiriau – Padiau â chefn diddos er mwyn gorchuddio cadeiriau a chynfasau. Gellir defnyddio'r rhain yn ogystal â phadiau a phants tynnu i fyny.
• Cathetrau – Maent yn draenio wrin yn uniongyrchol o'r bledren i mewn i fag draenio. Gellir eu gosod o dan ddillad neu dros y gwely. Rhaid i gathetr gael ei ragnodi gan feddyg neu arbenigwr iechyd.
• Comodau/pedyll gwely – Gallant helpu unigolion â phroblemau symudedd i gyrraedd y toiled yn gyflym.

A range of professionals may help with continence management.

These include:

• General practitioner – Can review symptoms and underlying causes.
• Continence nurse / advisor – Can identify causes of difficulties, how they are affecting quality of life, create treatment plans, empower individuals to manage their care.
• Community nurse / practice nurse – Can help the individual access continence aids and products as well as give advice, e.g. about hygiene.
• Occupational therapist – Can give advice on adaptations and equipment.
• Continence physiotherapist – Suggests exercises that can support bowel and bladder control.
• Community health centre – Advice and guidance.
• Bladder or bowel specialist – Looks at disease, physical conditions and surgical options.
• Pharmacist – Can give advice and continence supplies.

Gall amrywiaeth o weithwyr proffesiynol helpu i reoli ymataliaeth.

Mae’r rhain yn cynnwys:

• Meddyg teulu – Gall fwrw golwg dros y symptomau a'r achosion sylfaenol.
• Nyrs / ymgynghorydd ymataliaeth – Gall nodi achosion anawsterau a'u heffaith ar ansawdd bywyd, llunio cynlluniau triniaeth a grymuso unigolion i reoli eu gofal.
• Nyrs gymunedol / nyrs practis – Gall helpu'r unigolyn i gael gafael ar gymhorthion a chynhyrchion ymataliaeth yn ogystal â rhoi cyngor, e.e. ynglŷn â hylendid.
• Therapydd galwedigaethol – Gall roi cyngor ar addasiadau a chyfarpar.
• Ffisiotherapydd ymataliaeth – Mae'n awgrymu ymarferion a all helpu i reoli'r coluddyn a'r bledren.
• Canolfan iechyd cymuned – Cyngor ac arweiniad.
• Arbenigwr y bledren neu'r coluddyn – Mae'n edrych ar glefydau, cyflyrau corfforol ac opsiynau llawfeddygol.
• Fferyllydd – Gall roi cyngor a nwyddau ymataliaeth.

Personal care routines would include personal hygiene, bathing, cleaning teeth, menstruation and continence management.

During personal care routines it is important to protect both the individual and the worker supporting them.

This can be done in a number of ways:

• wearing personal protective clothing
• using safe, appropriate equipment and materials
• ensuring safe disposal of waste and soiled materials
• ensuring changing areas are visible
• ensuring workers / carers are visible and not alone with individuals receiving personal care
• recording and reporting any concerns, marks or bruises
• ensuring there are no mobile telephones/electronic devices in changing or toileting areas.

Byddai arferion gofal personol yn cynnwys hylendid personol, ymolchi, brwsio dannedd, misglwyf a rheoli ymataliaeth.

Yn ystod arferion gofal personol, mae'n bwysig diogelu'r unigolyn â'r gweithiwr sy'n ei gefnogi.

Gellir gwneud hyn mewn nifer o ffyrdd:

• gwisgo dillad diogelu personol
• defnyddio cyfarpar a deunyddiau diogel a phriodol
• sicrhau bod gwastraff a deunyddiau wedi'u baeddu'n cael eu gwaredu'n ddiogel
• sicrhau bod ardaloedd newid yn weladwy
• sicrhau bod gweithwyr / gofalwyr yn weladwy ac nad ydynt ar eu pen eu hunain gydag unigolion sy'n derbyn gofal personol
• cofnodi a rhoi gwybod am unrhyw bryderon, marciau neu gleisiau
• sicrhau nad oes ffonau symudol/dyfeisiau electronig mewn ardaloedd newid neu doiledau.