Supporting core practice in Health and Social Care (Adults) Cefnogi ymarfer craidd mewn Iechyd a Gofal Cymdeithasol (Oedolion)
Factors that may affect individuals – social and emotional Ffactorau a all effeithio ar unigolion – cymdeithasol ac emosiynol

The World Health Organisation defines gender as ‘the socially constructed characteristics of women and men – such as norms, roles and relationships of and between groups of women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.’

Gender stereotypes – Even today men and women are expected to conform to certain gender stereotypes. Women who refuse to conform are classed as being butch, whilst men who fail to conform are referred to as effeminate.

Gender inequality – Women tend to live longer than men but spend fewer years in good health. The gender pay gap puts women at greater risk of living in poverty, which would affect their well-being.

Mae Sefydliad Iechyd y Byd yn diffinio rhywedd fel ‘nodweddion menywod a dynion a adeiladwyd yn gymdeithasol – megis normau, rolau a pherthnasoedd grwpiau o fenywod a dynion a rhyngddynt. Mae’n amrywio o gymdeithas i gymdeithas a gellir ei newid.’

Stereoteipiau o ran rhywedd – Hyd yn oed heddiw, mae yna ddisgwyl i fenywod a dynion gydymffurfio â stereoteipiau o ran rhywedd penodol. Mae menywod sy’n gwrthod cydymffurfio yn cael eu hystyried fel rhywun gwrywaidd, tra bod dynion sy’n methu â chydymffurfio yn cael eu hystyried fel rhywun merchetaidd.

Anghydraddoldeb rhywiol – Mae menywod yn dueddol o fyw'n hirach na dynion ond maent yn treulio llai o flynyddoedd mewn iechyd da. Mae'r bwlch cyflog rhwng y rhywiau yn golygu bod menywod yn wynebu mwy o risg o fyw mewn tlodi, a fyddai'n effeithio ar eu llesiant.

A transgender person is someone whose personal idea of their gender does not match with his or her assigned gender role.

Transsexual – Someone who uses hormones and/or surgery to correct their gender identity from the identity given at birth.

Experiences of discrimination, social exclusion, harassment and violence directly impact the health and well-being of transgender individuals. However, transitioning and being able to express gender identity improves health and well-being.

Mae person trawsryweddol yn rhywun nad yw eu syniad personol o’u rhywedd yn cyd-fynd â’u rol rhyw benodol.

Trawsrywiol - rhywun sy’n defnyddio hormonau a/neu lawdriniaeth i gywiro eu hunaniaeth rhywedd o’r hunaniaeth a roddir adeg genedigaeth.

Mae profiadau o wahaniaethu, allgáu cymdeithasol, aflonyddu a thrais yn effeithio’n uniongyrchol ar iechyd a llesiant unigolion trawsryweddol. Fodd bynnag, mae trawsnewid a gallu mynegi hunaniaeth rhywedd yn gwella iechyd a llesiant.

• Siblings – When siblings are young, their type of relationship varies depending on age and gender. When they are young they tend to fight in physical ways, but as they grow older this will develop into verbal arguments. Adult siblings tend to have relationships that fall into one of the five following categories:
  • extremely devoted, placing sibling relationship above all others
  • close and caring friends, but place a higher value on marriage and parent/child relationships
  • loyalty based on common family history, maintain regular contact, participate in family gatherings and are there in times of crisis
  • don’t really feel connected and have infrequent to no contact
  • hostility based on resentment and anger.
• Friendships – these are important for a number of reasons and can promote health and well-being through support, boosting self-esteem, keeping you active and helping you to have a positive approach. However, dysfunctional friendships have a negative impact on health and well-being. Friends can pressure individuals into doing things that are bad for them and can damage their self-esteem through constant criticism.
• Intimate and sexual relationships – This type of relationship can have a positive or negative effect on health and well-being. Individuals may tend to put on weight and take less care of their appearance once they are in a comfortable intimate relationship; however, the opposite can happen, with couples motivating each other to keep fit and eat healthily. Healthy sexual relationships can reduce stress levels, but if one partner feels pressured into a sexual relationship then this can cause stress and anxiety.
• Working relationships – Health and well-being are positively affected if an individual feels part of a community and supported by their colleagues. This develops an individual’s sense of belonging and purpose and helps them feel more in control of decisions that affect them.

• Brodyr a chwiorydd – Pan fydd brodyr a chwiorydd yn ifanc, bydd eu math o berthynas yn amrywio yn dibynnu ar oedran a rhywedd. Pan yn ifanc byddant yn dueddol o ymladd mewn ffyrdd corfforol ond wrth iddynt dyfu i fyny bydd hyn yn datblygu i fod yn gweryla ar lafar. Mae brodyr a chwiorydd sy'n oedolion yn dueddol o gael perthnasoedd sy'n perthyn i un o'r pum categori canlynol:
  • hynod ffyddlon, gan osod y berthynas rhwng brodyr a chwiorydd uwchlaw pob un arall
  • ffrindiau agos a gofalgar, ond rhoddir mwy o werth ar briodas a'r berthynas rhwng y rhiant a'r plentyn
  • teyrngarwch yn seiliedig ar hanes cyffredin y teulu, cadw mewn cysylltiad rheolaidd, mynychu digwyddiadau'r teulu ac yno mewn argyfwng
  • ddim yn teimlo wedi cysylltu a braidd dim cyswllt, os o gwbl
  • gelyniaeth yn seiliedig ar ddrwgdeimlad a dicter.
• Cyfeillgarwch – mae hyn yn bwysig am sawl rheswm a gall hybu iechyd a llesiant drwy gefnogaeth, hybu hunan-barch, cadw unigolion yn weithgar a helpu i weithredu mewn ffordd gadarnhaol. Fodd bynnag, mae cyfeillgarwch camweithredol yn cael effaith negyddol ar iechyd a llesiant. Gall ffrindiau roi pwysau ar unigolion i wneud pethau sy'n wael iddynt, a gallant niweidio eu hunan-barch drwy feirniadaeth gyson.
• Perthnasoedd agos a rhywiol – Gall y math hwn o berthynas gael effaith gadarnhaol neu negyddol ar iechyd a llesiant. Gall unigolion fagu pwysau a chymryd llai o ofal o'u hymddangosiad pan fyddant mewn perthynas agos gyfforddus. Fodd bynnag, gall y gwrthwyneb ddigwydd, gyda chyplau yn cymell ei gilydd i gadw'n heini a bwyta'n iach. Gall perthnasoedd rhywiol iach ostwng lefelau straen, ond os bydd un partner yn cael ei roi dan bwysau i gael perthynas rywiol gall hyn achosi straen a gorbryder.
• Perthnasoedd gwaith – Gwelir effaith gadarnhaol ar iechyd a llesiant os bydd unigolyn yn teimlo'n rhan o gymuned a'i fod yn cael ei gefnogi gan ei gydweithwyr. Mae hyn yn meithrin ymdeimlad o berthyn a diben unigolyn ac yn ei helpu i deimlo bod ganddo fwy o reolaeth o benderfyniadau sy'n effeithio arno.

Being employed is good for health and well-being. It allows individuals to:

• have the means to develop themselves
• have a sense of pride and personal achievement
• socialise, and find support
• have structure and purpose to their day
• be physically and mentally active
• have money to support themselves and their family and explore their interests.

Unemployment

According to the Royal College of Psychiatrists, individuals who are unemployed are more likely to:

• have poorer physical and mental health overall
• consult their GP more
• be more likely to be admitted to hospital
• have higher death rates.

Work related stress

If the demands of a job are greater than the employee’s ability to cope, then this can lead to work related stress. This can lead to anxiety and depression.

Mae bod mewn swydd yn dda i iechyd a llesiant. Mae'n galluogi unigolion i:

• ddatblygu eu hunain
• teimlo balchder a chyflawniad personol
• cymdeithasu, a chael cefnogaeth
• cael strwythur a diben i'w diwrnod
• bod yn weithgar yn gorfforol ac yn feddyliol
• cael arian i gefnogi eu hunain a'u teulu a mwynhau diddordebau.

Diweithdra

Yn ôl Coleg Brenhinol y Seiciatryddion mae unigolion di-waith yn fwy tebygol o:

• brofi iechyd corfforol a meddyliol gwaeth yn gyffredinol
• weld eu meddyg teulu yn amlach
• gael eu derbyn i’r ysbyty
• farw.

Straen sy'n gysylltiedig â gwaith

Os bydd gofynion swydd yn fwy na gallu’r gweithiwr i ymdopi, gall hyn arwain at straen sy'n gysylltiedig â gwaith. Gall arwain at orbryder ac iselder.

Culture

Culture is a set of ideas, customs and behaviours shared by a particular group of people or society.

It can affect how a group of people think of health, illness and death, causes of diseases, where they seek help and the types of treatment they want. All of these things can influence health and well-being.

Young people from different cultural backgrounds can feel caught between two sets of cultural standards and values due to cultural views on sexuality, relationships, gender roles, education and employment. They can feel restricted in their choice of friends, and dating can cause family conflict.

Racial diversity

Race refers to an individual's race, colour, nationality and ethnic or national origins.

Some races have a higher chance of certain diseases; for instance, sickle cell anaemia is more prominent in Africans, Asians, Middle Eastern individuals and East Europeans.

Mental health issues can arise due to racism, which can lower an individual’s self-esteem and confidence, which can lead to individuals withdrawing from contact with others or being afraid of going to school or work. This will increase the risk of problems such as depression, anxiety and substance use.

Diwylliant

Diwylliant yw set o syniadau, arferion a ffyrdd o ymddwyn a rennir gan grŵp o bobl neu gymdeithas benodol.

Gall effeithio ar y ffordd mae grŵp o bobl yn meddwl am iechyd, salwch a marwolaeth, achosion clefyd, ble i gael help a'r mathau o driniaeth maent am ei chael. Gall yr holl bethau hyn ddylanwadu ar iechyd a llesiant.

Gall pobl ifanc o wahanol gefndiroedd diwylliannol deimlo eu bod wedi'u dal rhwng dwy set o safonau a gwerthoedd diwylliannol, oherwydd safbwyntiau diwylliannol yn ymwneud â rhywioldeb, perthnasoedd, rolau o ran rhywedd, addysg a chyflogaeth. Gallant deimlo'n rhwystredig o ran eu dewis o ffrindiau, a gall dêtio achosi gwrthdaro o fewn y teulu.

Amrywiaeth hiliol

Mae hil yn cyfeirio at hil, lliw, cenedligrwydd a tharddiad ethnig neu genedlaethol unigolyn.

Mae ambell hil yn wynebu risg uwch o gael rhai clefydau, er enghraifft mae anemia cryman-gell yn fwy cyffredin ymhlith pobl Affricanaidd, Asiaid, unigolion o'r Dwyrain Canol ac unigolion o Ddwyrain Ewrop.

Gall problemau iechyd meddwl ddeillio o hiliaeth, a all ostwng lefel hunan-barch a hyder unigolyn, a all arwain at unigolion yn osgoi cael cyswllt ag eraill, neu fod ofn mynd i'r ysgol neu'r gwaith. Bydd hyn yn cynyddu'r risg o broblemau fel iselder, gorbryder a defnyddio sylweddau.