Supporting core practice in Health and Social Care (Adults) Cefnogi ymarfer craidd mewn Iechyd a Gofal Cymdeithasol (Oedolion)
Factors that may affect individuals – physical Ffactorau a all effeithio ar unigolion – corfforol

Just as individuals inherit characteristics such as eye colour from their parents, some medical conditions can be passed onto an individual from their parent/parents. These are referred to as genetic or inherited disorders.

A genetic disorder arises from the presence of an abnormal gene in an individual’s genetic makeup. This may be inherited from one or both parents, but this may not always be the case (for example, Down’s Syndrome).

They may also inherit defective genes that give rise to ill-health. These include:

• Cystic fibrosis
• Haemophilia
• Huntington’s disease
• Sickle cell anaemia
• Muscular dystrophy
• Thalassaemia
• Fragile X syndrome
• Hunter syndrome.

Fel mae unigolion yn etifeddu nodweddion fel lliw'r llygaid oddi wrth eu rhieni, gall rhai cyflyrau meddygol gael eu trosglwyddo o'r rhiant/rhieni i'r unigolyn. Cyfeirir at y rhain fel anhwylderau genetig neu etifeddol.

Mae anhwylder genetig yn deillio o bresenoldeb genyn annormal yng nghyfansoddiad genetig unigolyn. Gall gael ei etifeddu oddi wrth un rhiant neu'r ddau riant ond efallai na fydd hyn yn wir bob amser (er enghraifft, Syndrom Down).

Gallant hefyd etifeddu genynnau diffygiol sy'n arwain at salwch. Yn eu plith, mae:

• Ffibrosis cystig
• Haemoffilia
• Clefyd Huntington
• Anaemia cryman-gell
• Nychdod cyhyrol
• Thalassaemia
• Syndrom X bregus
• Syndrom Hunter.

Individuals may be born with a disability or may acquire a disability at any stage of life due to an accident, disease or degeneration of the body due to age.

Sensory disabilities

Gall unigolyn gael ei eni ag anabledd neu gall gael anabledd ar unrhyw adeg mewn bywyd oherwydd damwain, clefyd neu am fod y corff yn dirywio oherwydd oedran.

Anableddau synhwyraidd

A sensory disability is a disability of the senses (i.e. sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste).

There are a number of conditions that would be classed as sensory disabilities including:

• Autism – This is a lifelong developmental disability. Autistic individuals can be highly sensitive to loud noises, bright lights or being touched.
• Blindness or poor vision – This can happen from birth or be caused by accident or as individuals age.
• Deafness or hearing loss – This can happen from birth or be caused by accident or as individuals age.
• Anosmia – This is the loss of a sense of smell and can be caused by a head injury or infection.
• Somatosensory impairment – This is the inability to feel heat, pain or light touch. A number of factors including stroke, head injury and cerebral palsy can cause it.

Anabledd sy'n effeithio ar y synhwyrau (h.y. golwg, clyw, arogl, cyffyrddiad, blas) yw anabledd synhwyraidd.

Mae nifer o gyflyrau a fyddai'n cael eu dosbarthu'n anableddau synhwyraidd gan gynnwys:

• Awtistiaeth – Anabledd datblygiadol gydol oes yw hwn. Gall unigolion awtistig fod yn hynod sensitif i synau mawr, goleuadau llachar neu gael eu cyffwrdd.
• Dallineb neu olwg gwael – Gall hyn ddigwydd o adeg geni neu gael ei achosi gan ddamwain neu wrth i unigolion heneiddio.
• Byddardod neu golli clyw – Gall hyn ddigwydd o adeg geni neu gael ei achosi gan ddamwain neu wrth i unigolion heneiddio.
• Anosmia – Colli'r gallu i arogli a all gael ei achosi gan anaf i'r pen neu haint.
• Nam corffsynhwyrol – Yr anallu i deimlo gwres, poen neu gyffyrddiad ysgafn. Gall nifer o ffactorau gan gynnwys strôc, anaf i'r pen a pharlys yr ymennydd ei achosi.

A physical disability is any disability that limits an individual’s physical or mobility capacity. It can be caused by disease or accident, but some conditions can be genetic.

These include:

• Cerebral palsy – This affects movement and coordination. It can also cause speaking and vision problems and, in some cases, learning difficulties.
• Spina bifida – This is caused when a baby’s spine and spinal cord do not develop properly in the womb. It can cause movement problems or paralysis and continence issues. Most children with spina bifida will have normal intelligence; however, a small number may also have some learning disabilities.
• Multiple sclerosis – This can affect the brain and/or the spinal cord. This can lead to problems with vision and balance, and problems with arm and leg movements. It can also affect an individual’s ability to think, learn and plan.
• Muscular dystrophy – This is a muscle wasting disease and gets worse over time. This can cause difficulty walking and issues with breathing and swallowing.
• Dwarfism – This is characterised by restricted growth and can also cause other problems, such as bowed legs or curved spine.

Mae anabledd corfforol yn unrhyw anabledd sy'n cyfyngu ar allu corfforol neu symudedd unigolyn. Gall gael ei achosi gan glefyd neu ddamwain, ond gall rhai cyflyrau fod yn enetig. Yn eu plith, mae:

• Parlys yr ymennydd – Mae hyn yn effeithio ar symud a chyd-symud. Gall hefyd achosi problemau siarad a gweld ac, mewn rhai achosion, anawsterau dysgu.
• Spina bifida – Achosir hyn pan nad yw asgwrn cefn na madruddyn cefn baban yn datblygu'n gywir yn y groth. Gall achosi problemau symud neu baralysis a phroblemau anymataliaeth. Bydd gan y rhan fwyaf o blant â spina bifida lefelau dealltwriaeth normal; fodd bynnag, efallai y bydd gan nifer fach rai anableddau dysgu hefyd.
• Sglerosis ymledol – Gall hyn effeithio ar yr ymennydd a/neu fadruddyn y cefn. Gall arwain at broblemau gweld a chadw balans a phroblemau'n symud y breichiau a'r coesau. Gall hefyd effeithio ar allu unigolyn i feddwl, dysgu a chynllunio.
• Dystroffi cyhyrol – Clefyd nychu'r cyhyrau yw hwn ac mae'n gwaethygu dros amser. Gall ei gwneud hi'n anodd cerdded ac achosi problemau anadlu a llyncu.
• Corachedd – Fe'i nodweddir gan dyfu cyfyngedig a gall hefyd achosi problemau eraill fel coesau plygedig neu fod yn gefngrwm.

A learning disability affects how an individual learns new things throughout their lifetime. These disabilities can be mild, moderate or profound (severe).

Conditions can include:

• Down’s syndrome – This is caused by extra chromosomes in the cells and in general is not an inherited disorder. There will be some level of learning disability with this condition.
• William’s syndrome – This is a rare genetic condition. Children with the syndrome will take longer to learn how to walk, talk and develop other social skills. It can also cause heart problems.
• Autism – This is not a learning disability, but often co-occurs with other conditions, like ADHD and learning disabilities.

Mae anabledd dysgu yn effeithio ar y ffordd mae unigolyn yn dysgu pethau newydd drwy gydol ei oes. Gall yr anableddau hyn fod yn ysgafn, yn gymedrol neu'n ddifrifol.

Gall y cyflyrau gynnwys:

• Syndrom Down – Fe'i hachosir gan gromosomau ychwanegol yn y celloedd ac, yn gyffredinol, nid yw'n anhwylder a etifeddir. Bydd rhyw lefel o anabledd dysgu gyda'r cyflwr hwn.
• Syndrom William – Mae hwn yn gyflwr genetig prin. Bydd plant â'r syndrom yn cymryd mwy o amser i ddysgu sut i gerdded, siarad a meithrin sgiliau cymdeithasol eraill. Gall hefyd achosi problemau o ran y galon.
• Awtistiaeth – Nid yw’n anabledd dysgu, ond mae’n cyd-fynd â chyflyrau eraill megis Anhwylder Diffyg Canolbwyntio Gorfywiogrwydd (ADHD) ac anableddau dysgu.

A good diet has a variety of benefits, including:

• increased energy
• improved mood
• helping you to maintain a healthy weight
• better sleep quality
• clearer skin
• a lowered risk of chronic health conditions, such as heart disease, stroke, and cancer.

Hydration

The body uses water in all its cells, organs and tissues. We lose water through breathing, sweating and digestion.

Rehydration replaces the water we lose and has the following important benefits:

• helps stop your mouth from being dry which can cause bad breath
• promotes good cardiovascular health
• helps regulate body temperature
• lubricates joints and helps muscles work more efficiently
• helps the kidneys clear waste from your blood.

Breastfeeding

Studies have found that breastfeeding for the first six months of life gives a baby the best start in life.

The health and developmental benefits for babies include:

• a reduced risk of infection
• a reduced risk of diarrhoea and vomiting
• a reduced risk of SIDS (Sudden infant death syndrome)
• a reduced risk of childhood leukaemia
• a reduced risk of obesity
• a reduced the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood.

Breastfeeding also has a number of health benefits for the mother:

• a reduced risk of breast cancer
• a reduced risk of ovarian cancer
• a reduced risk of osteoporosis (weak bones)
• a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease
• a reduced risk of obesity.

It is recommended that babies who are only given breastmilk in the first 6 months of life should also be given a daily supplement of vitamin D.

Weaning

In the first six months of life, babies will only need breast milk or formula. After this, foods should be introduced gradually to prevent the risk of allergies.

Foods that need to be introduced one at a time include:

• cow’s milk
• eggs
• foods that contain gluten, such as wheat, barley, rye
• foods containing nuts and seeds
• fish and shellfish.

Mae gan ddeiet da amrywiaeth o fuddiannau, gan gynnwys:

• mwy o egni
• hwyliau gwell
• helpu i gynnal pwysau iach
• cwsg o ansawdd gwell
• croen mwy clir
• yn lleihau'r risg o gyflyrau iechyd cronig fel clefyd y galon, strôc, a chanser.

Hydradiad

Mae'r corff yn defnyddio dŵr yn ei holl gelloedd, organau a meinweoedd. Rydym yn colli dŵr drwy anadlu, chwysu a threulio.

Mae ailhydradu yn cymryd lle'r dŵr a gollir ac mae ganddo'r buddiannau pwysig canlynol:

• helpu i atal y geg rhag mynd yn sych a all achosi anadl drwg
• hybu iechyd cardiofasgwlaidd da
• helpu i reoli tymheredd y corff
• iro'r cymalau a helpu'r cyhyrau i weithio'n fwy effeithlon
• helpu'r arennau i glirio gwastraff o'r gwaed.

Bwydo ar y fron

Mae astudiaethau wedi dangos mai bwydo ar y fron am y chwe mis cyntaf mewn bywyd sy'n rhoi'r dechrau gorau mewn bywyd i'r baban.

Ymhlith y buddiannau iechyd a datblygiadol i fabanod mae:

• llai o risg o haint
• llai o risg o ddolur rhydd a chwydu
• llai o risg o SIDS (syndrom marwolaeth sydyn babanod)
• llai o risg o lewcemia plentyndod
• llai o risg o ordewdra
• llai o risg o glefyd cardiofasgwlaidd fel oedolyn.

Mae i fwydo ar y fron nifer o fuddiannau i'r fam hefyd:

• llai o risg o ganser y fron
• llai o risg o ganser yr ofari
• llai o risg o osteoporosis (esgyrn gwan)
• llai o risg o glefyd cardiofasgwlaidd
• llai o risg o ordewdra.

Argymhellir y dylai babanod sydd ond yn cael llaeth o'r fron yn ystod eu chwe mis cyntaf hefyd gael atchwanegiad fitamin D bob dydd.

Diddyfnu

Yn ystod chwe mis cyntaf bywyd, dim ond llaeth o'r fron neu fformiwla y bydd ei angen ar fabanod. Ar ôl hyn, dylai bwydydd gael eu cyflwyno'n raddol er mwyn atal y risg o alergeddau.

Ymhlith y bwydydd y mae angen eu cyflwyno un ar y tro mae:

• llaeth buwch
• wyau
• bwydydd sy'n cynnwys glwten fel gwenith, haidd, rhyg
• bwydydd sy'n cynnwys cnau a hadau
• pysgod a physgod cregyn.

Being physically active on a daily basis can affect health, development and well-being in a number of positive ways.

Adults

To stay healthy, adults should do aerobic and strengthening activities each week.

This could include playing football or going to dance classes to build aerobic capacity and gardening, weightlifting or yoga to strengthen muscles.

Exercise will have the following benefits:

• reduces risk of a range of diseases, e.g. coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes
• helps maintain a healthy weight
• helps maintain ability to perform everyday tasks with ease
• improves self-esteem
• reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Older adults

In order to ensure that everyday tasks can still be carried out and for general health and well-being, older adults should aim to do aerobic and strengthening exercises.

At this stage of life exercise can have the following benefits:

• helps maintain cognitive function
• reduces cardiovascular risk
• helps maintain ability to carry out daily living activities
• improves mood and can improve self-esteem
• reduces the risk of falls.

Why sitting is bad for your health

Many adults work in jobs that involve sitting for up to seven hours a day; they drive to and from work and then spend their leisure time watching TV or using technology.

This is harmful to their health. Sitting for long periods can slow the metabolism which can lead to the body being unable to:

• regulate blood sugar, leading to type-2 diabetes
• regulate blood pressure, leading to cardiovascular disease
• break down body fat, leading to obesity.

Gall gweithgarwch corfforol dyddiol gael effaith gadarnhaol ar iechyd, datblygiad a llesiant mewn sawl ffordd.

Oedolion

Er mwyn aros yn iach, dylai oedolion wneud gweithgareddau aerobig a chryfhau bob wythnos.

Gallai hyn gynnwys chwarae pêl-droed neu fynd i ddosbarthiadau dawns er mwyn cynyddu gallu aerobig a garddio, codi pwysau neu ioga er mwyn cryfhau'r cyhyrau.

Bydd gan ymarfer corff y buddiannau canlynol:

• lleihau'r risg o amrywiaeth o glefydau, e.e. clefyd coronaidd y galon, strôc, diabetes math 2
• helpu i gynnal pwysau iach
• helpu i barhau i gyflawni tasgau bob dydd yn rhwydd
• gwella hunanhyder
• lleihau symptomau iselder a gorbryder.

Oedolion hŷn

Er mwyn sicrhau y gall tasgau bob dydd gael eu cyflawni o hyd ac er mwyn sicrhau iechyd a llesiant cyffredinol, dylai oedolion hŷn anelu at wneud ymarfer corff erobig a chryfhau.

Ar y cam hwn mewn bywyd gall ymarfer corff gael y buddiannau canlynol:

• helpu i gynnal swyddogaeth wybyddol
• lleihau risg gardiofasgwlaidd
• helpu i barhau i gyflawni tasgau bob dydd
• gwella hwyliau a hunanhyder o bosibl
• lleihau'r risg o gwympo.

Pam mae eistedd yn wael i'ch iechyd

Mae llawer o oedolion yn gweithio mewn swyddi sy'n cynnwys eistedd am hyd at saith awr y dydd; maent yn gyrru i'r gwaith ac oddi yno ac yna'n treulio eu hamser hamdden yn gwylio'r teledu neu'n defnyddio technoleg.

Mae hyn yn niweidiol i'w hiechyd. Gall eistedd am gyfnodau hir arafu metabolaeth a all arwain at fethiant y corff i:

• reoleiddio siwgr yn y gwaed, gan arwain at ddiabetes math-2
• rheoleiddio pwysedd gwaed, gan arwain at glefyd cardiofasgwlaidd
• torri braster y corff i lawr, gan arwain at ordewdra.