Supporting core practice in Health and Social Care (Adults) Cefnogi ymarfer craidd mewn Iechyd a Gofal Cymdeithasol (Oedolion)
Well-being Llesiant

Well-being is important to an individual for the following reasons:

• it is fundamental to their overall physical health
• supports them to overcome difficulties
• gives confidence and a positive self-esteem
• helps support positive relationships with others
• supports healthy growth and development
• supports positive behaviour and social interactions
• helps overcome loneliness and mental health problems.

Positive well-being can be supported in a number of ways, e.g.:

• doing things that make you happy
• talking about feelings
• reducing alcohol consumption
• avoiding use of drugs
• exercising and keeping active
• developing new skills and hobbies
• getting enough rest.

The Welsh Government recognises the importance of well-being in the Well-being of future Generations (Wales) Act 2015: ‘We are working towards our goal of a more equal Wales, where people can reach their potential no matter what their background or circumstances. We want to improve the well-being of the people of Wales in accordance with the sustainable development principle. This means seeking to ensure that the needs of the present are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’. http://bit.ly/2REziPN

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Mae llesiant yn bwysig i unigolyn am y rhesymau canlynol:

• mae'n hanfodol i'w iechyd corfforol cyffredinol
• mae'n ei helpu i oresgyn anawsterau
• mae'n magu hyder a hunan-barch cadarnhaol
• mae'n helpu i feithrin perthnasoedd cadarnhaol ag eraill
• mae'n cefnogi twf a datblygiad iach
• mae'n cefnogi ymddygiad a rhyngweithio cymdeithasol cadarnhaol
• mae'n helpu i oresgyn unigrwydd a phroblemau iechyd meddwl.

Gellir cefnogi llesiant cadarnhaol mewn nifer o ffyrdd, e.e.:

• gwneud pethau sy'n eich gwneud yn hapus
• siarad am eich teimladau
• yfed llai o alcohol
• osgoi defnyddio cyffuriau
• gwneud ymarfer corff a chadw'n brysur
• meithrin sgiliau a diddordebau newydd
• cael digon o orffwys.

Mae Llywodraeth Cymru yn cydnabod pwysigrwydd llesiant yn Neddf Llesiant Cenedlaethau'r Dyfodol (Cymru) 2015: ‘Rydym yn gweithio tuag at wneud Cymru’n wlad mwy cyfartal, lle mae pobl yn gallu cyrraedd eu potensial beth bynnag fo’u cefndiroedd neu’u hamgylchiadau. Rydym eisiau gwella lles pobl Cymru yn unol â'r egwyddor datblygu cynaliadwy. Mae hyn yn golygu sicrhau bod yr anghenion presennol yn cael eu diwallu heb amharu ar allu cenedlaethau'r dyfodol i ddiwallu eu hanghenion eu hunain’. http://bit.ly/2u8GFVW

http://bit.ly/2FU7Fvl

http://bit.ly/2NyyERj

The well-being of individuals and carers is affected by a variety of factors that may be social, economic, cultural or physical. Some examples include:

• Adverse Childhood Experiences. These can include abuse, neglect, being brought up in a household where there is domestic violence, drug abuse, alcohol abuse, parental separation. ‘Evidence shows children who experience stressful and poor quality childhoods are more likely to develop health-harming and anti-social behaviours, more likely to perform poorly in school, more likely to be involved in crime and ultimately less likely to be a productive member of society.’ NHS Wales (http://bit.ly/2xvplcc)
• Home background. A supportive and caring background provides the foundations for positive social development and provides positive role models. Mental illness, substance abuse, unemployment, violence and poverty may have a negative impact on the well-being of individuals and carers. Drug and alcohol abuse may lead to physical and emotional neglect.
• Looked after children and young people. Individuals who have had a lack of consistency in care in early years or have come from abusive backgrounds may have had disrupted educations and poor educational achievements. These individuals are more likely to have a low well-being compared with those living in stable environments.
• Positive, consistent and caring relationships. These support social development and confidence and positive role models. Individuals who move home frequently or have changes in family members or carers have a lower level of well-being than those with consistent relationships.
• Secure attachment. Where an individual has secure attachments, they are self-confident and will participate readily in activities, supporting well-being.

Mae amrywiaeth o ffactorau'n effeithio ar lesiant unigolion, gan gynnwys rhai cymdeithasol, economaidd, diwylliannol a chorfforol. Ymhlith yr enghreifftiau mae:

• Profiadau Niweidiol yn ystod Plentyndod. Gall y rhain gynnwys camdriniaeth, esgeulustod, magwraeth mewn cartref lle mae cam-drin domestig, camddefnyddio cyffuriau, camddefnyddio alcohol, rhieni'n gwahanu. ‘Mae tystiolaeth yn dangos bod plant sy’n profi plentyndod llawn straen ac o ansawdd isel yn fwy tebygol o ddatblygu ymddygiad sy’n niweidiol i iechyd a gwrthgymdeithasol, yn fwy tebygol o berfformio’n wael yn yr ysgol, ac yn fwy tebygol o gymryd rhan mewn troseddau ac yn llai tebygol o fod yn aelod cynhyrchiol o’r gymdeithas yn y pen draw.’ GIG Cymru (http://bit.ly/2LEd51D)
• Cefndir cartref. Mae cefndir cefnogol a gofalgar yn gosod y sylfeini ar gyfer datblygiad cymdeithasol cadarnhaol ac yn darparu modelau rôl cadarnhaol. Gall salwch meddwl, camddefnyddio sylweddau, diweithdra, trais a thlodi gael effaith negyddol ar lesiant unigolion a gofalwyr. Gall camddefnyddio cyffuriau ac alcohol arwain at esgeulustod corfforol ac emosiynol.
• Plant a phobl ifanc sy'n derbyn gofal. Gall diffyg cysondeb o ran gofal yn y blynyddoedd cynnar neu gefndiroedd lle ceir cam-drin darfu ar addysg unigolion ac arwain at gyflawniadau addysgol gwael. Mae'r unigolion hyn yn fwy tebygol o fod â llesiant gwael o gymharu â'r rhai sy'n byw mewn amgylcheddau sefydlog.
• Perthnasoedd cadarnhaol, cyson a gofalgar. Mae'r rhain yn cefnogi datblygiad a hyder cymdeithasol a modelau rôl cadarnhaol. Mae gan unigolion sy'n symud tŷ yn aml neu sy'n wynebu newidiadau o ran aelodau'r teulu neu ofalwyr lefel is o lesiant na'r rhai sydd â pherthnasoedd cyson.
• Ymlyniad sicr. Os oes gan unigolyn ymlyniadau sicr, mae'n hunanhyderus a bydd yn cymryd rhan yn rhwydd mewn gweithgareddau, sy'n cefnogi ei lesiant.

The well-being of individuals and carers is affected by a variety of factors that may be social, economic, cultural or physical. Some examples include:

• Enjoyable and fulfilling career. Individuals who have jobs they enjoy and that challenge and fulfil them experience high levels of satisfaction and well-being.
• Social deprivation. If an individual does not have opportunities to meet or mix with others they will experience social deprivation and become isolated, affecting their well-being.
• Environment. A stimulating, safe, caring and supportive environment supports well-being and positive outcomes. An environment that encourages exercise (e.g. cycling, walking) with available sports facilities supports well-being. High quality water supplies, lack of pollution and chemical hazards and good housing support health and well-being. Individuals living in cramped conditions or sharing bedrooms and lacking privacy experience a lower level of well-being.
• Educational experiences. Good educational experiences support confidence, knowledge and well-being. Consistent education in childhood supports well-being and academic achievement. Adult education and community classes support the development of new skills and confidence.
• Economic factors. Where an individual experiences poverty and has limited opportunities, poor diet or suffers from neglect there is an impact on their well-being and health. Having enough money and no financial stresses supports well-being.
• Disabilities and physical ill-health. Disabilities and ill-health may impact on an individual’s ability to exercise and socialise, and they may become isolated.
• Sensory needs. Sensory difficulties may result in social isolation or communication difficulties.
• Diet. A healthy diet supports good health, healthy weight and well-being.
• Exercise. An individual who does not have the opportunity to exercise may become unfit and overweight and this will impact on their self-esteem as well as their health. For many adults, exercise also brings social contact within a community that supports well-being.
• Religion and culture. An individual’s values, behaviour and expectations may be defined by their religion and culture.
• Stress. Chronic stress can hinder brain development and ability to learn or concentrate.
• Sleep, relaxation and rest. Sleep, relaxation and rest has a positive impact on well-being. Relaxation (e.g. through hobbies and sports) has an important role in developing a healthy lifestyle.

Mae amrywiaeth o ffactorau'n effeithio ar lesiant unigolion, gan gynnwys rhai cymdeithasol, economaidd, diwylliannol a chorfforol. Ymhlith yr enghreifftiau mae:

• Gyrfa sy'n llawn mwynhad a boddhad. Mae unigolion sydd â swyddi y maent yn eu mwynhau ac sy'n eu herio ac yn rhoi boddhad iddynt yn profi lefelau uwch o foddhad a llesiant.
• Amddifadedd cymdeithasol. Os na fydd unigolyn yn cael cyfleoedd i gwrdd a chymysgu â phobl eraill, bydd yn profi amddifadedd cymdeithasol ac yn mynd yn ynysig, a fydd yn effeithio ar ei lesiant.
• Amgylchedd. Mae amgylchedd ysgogol, diogel, gofalgar a chefnogol yn cefnogi llesiant a chanlyniadau cadarnhaol. Mae amgylchedd sy'n annog ymarfer corff (e.e. beicio, cerdded) lle mae cyfleusterau chwaraeon ar gael yn cefnogi llesiant. Mae cyflenwad dŵr o ansawdd da, diffyg llygredd a pheryglon cemegol a chymorth da o ran tai yn cefnogi iechyd a llesiant. Mae unigolion sy'n byw mewn amodau cyfyng neu sy'n rhannu ystafelloedd gwely a heb breifatrwydd yn profi lefel is o lesiant.
• Profiadau addysgol. Mae profiadau addysgol da yn cefnogi hyder, gwybodaeth a llesiant. Mae addysg gyson yn ystod plentyndod yn cefnogi llesiant a chyflawniad academaidd. Mae addysg i oedolion a dosbarthiadau cymunedol yn cefnogi'r broses o feithrin sgiliau newydd a hyder.
• Ffactorau economaidd. Os bydd unigolyn yn profi tlodi, yn cael cyfleoedd cyfyngedig, yn dilyn deiet gwael neu'n dioddef o esgeulustod, bydd hyn yn effeithio ar ei lesiant a'i iechyd. Mae cael digon o arian a dim straen ariannol yn cefnogi llesiant.
• Anableddau a salwch corfforol. Gall anableddau a salwch effeithio ar allu unigolyn i wneud ymarfer corff a chymdeithasu, a gall fynd yn ynysig.
• Anghenion synhwyraidd. Gall anawsterau synhwyraidd arwain at ynysu cymdeithasol neu anawsterau cyfathrebu.
• Deiet. Mae deiet iach yn cefnogi iechyd da, pwysau iach a llesiant.
• Ymarfer corff. Gall unigolyn nad yw'n cael cyfle i wneud ymarfer corff fynd yn anffit a thros bwysau, a bydd hyn yn effeithio ar ei hunan-barch yn ogystal â'i iechyd. I lawer o oedolion, mae ymarfer corff hefyd yn golygu eu bod yn dod i gysylltiad cymdeithasol â chymuned sy'n cefnogi llesiant.
• Crefydd a diwylliant. Gellir diffinio gwerthoedd, ymddygiad a disgwyliadau unigolyn yn ôl ei grefydd a'i ddiwylliant.
• Straen. Gall straen cronig lesteirio datblygiad yr ymennydd a'r gallu i ddysgu neu ganolbwyntio.
• Cwsg, ymlacio a gorffwys. Mae cwsg, ymlacio a gorffwys yn cael effaith gadarnhaol ar lesiant. Mae ymlacio (e.e. drwy ddiddordebau a chwaraeon) yn chwarae rhan bwysig wrth ddatblygu ffordd iach o fyw.

An individual’s well-being can be supported in a number of ways:

• talking openly without any background distractions
• spending time with family and friends
• talking about beliefs, religion, culture, family background and discussing different views and backgrounds
• interactions with individuals in the work environment that encourage respect for diversity
• encourage individuals to talk openly about their feelings, the challenges they face and their concerns
• encourage individuals to make choices and decisions and solve problems and discuss these with you
• supporting and following a routine which gives a structure that helps individuals feel in control
• give praise and encouragement, not just for succeeding but also for trying to do things and focussing on strengths rather than weaknesses
• set realistic and appropriate goals and challenges to gain new skills
• encourage individuals to resolve conflicts, negotiate and resolve problems independently
• being a positive role model i.e. supportive to others, treating others equally and with respect
• encourage independence and responsibility
• encourage socialising, sharing, turn taking and good manners
• ensure an individual experiences a range of activities and relaxation opportunities in different environments
• encourage physical activity
• encourage individuals to mix with others both in and out of a work environment and at community events
• ensure regular sleep patterns
• encourage healthy eating and hydration
• ensure good health by keeping up to date with vaccinations, visits to doctor, hospital appointments, dentist appointments
• support appropriate risk taking and challenges
• discuss personal safety, including e-safety, encouraging positive and safe use of social media
• respect an individual’s privacy and dignity
• where there are concerns about an individual’s well-being, refer to services e.g. General Practitioner, health services.

Gellir cefnogi llesiant unigolyn mewn nifer o ffyrdd:

• siarad yn agored heb unrhyw bethau sy'n tynnu sylw yn y cefndir
• treulio amser gyda theulu a ffrindiau
• siarad am gredoau, crefydd, diwylliant, cefndir teuluol a thrafod gwahanol safbwyntiau a chefndiroedd
• rhyngweithio ag unigolion yn yr amgylchedd gwaith mewn ffordd sy'n annog parch at amrywiaeth
• annog unigolion i siarad yn agored am eu teimladau, yr heriau y maent yn eu hwynebu a'u pryderon
• annog unigolion i wneud dewisiadau a phenderfyniadau a datrys problemau, a thrafod y rhain â chi
• cefnogi a dilyn trefn reolaidd sy’n rhoi strwythur sy'n helpu unigolion i deimlo bod ganddynt reolaeth
• canmol ac annog, nid dim ond am lwyddo ond hefyd am geisio gwneud pethau gan ganolbwyntio ar gryfderau yn hytrach na gwendidau
• gosod nodau a heriau realistig a phriodol er mwyn meithrin sgiliau newydd
• annog unigolion i ddatrys gwrthdaro, cyd-drafod a datrys problemau yn annibynnol
• dangos esiampl gadarnhaol, h.y. bod yn gefnogol tuag at bobl eraill, eu trin yn gyfartal a'u trin â pharch
• annog annibyniaeth a chyfrifoldeb
• annog unigolion i gymdeithasu, rhannu, cymryd tro a moesau da
• sicrhau bod unigolyn yn profi amrywiaeth o weithgareddau a chyfleoedd i ymlacio mewn gwahanol amgylcheddau
• annog gweithgarwch corfforol
• annog unigolion i gymysgu ag eraill mewn amgylchedd gwaith a'r tu allan iddo, ac mewn digwyddiadau yn y gymuned
• sicrhau patrymau cwsg rheolaidd
• annog unigolion i fwyta'n iach a hydradu
• sicrhau iechyd da drwy sicrhau bod unigolyn yn cael brechiadau ar yr adegau cywir, yn mynd at y meddyg pan fo angen, yn cadw at apwyntiadau ysbyty ac apwyntiadau â'r deintydd
• cefnogi heriau a chymryd risg priodol
• trafod diogelwch personol, gan gynnwys e-ddiogelwch, gan annog defnydd cadarnhaol a diogel o'r cyfryngau cymdeithasol
• parchu preifatrwydd ac urddas unigolyn
• os oes yna bryderon ynglŷn â llesiant unigolyn, ei atgyfeirio at wasanaethau, e.e. meddyg teulu, gwasanaethau iechyd.