Providing safe physical care routines for children

Darparu arferion gofal corfforol diogel i blant

Child brushing teeth

Childcare workers must understand how to ensure that children are subject to safe physical care practices. Physical care routines include the following:

  • going to the toilet
  • hand washing
  • oral care
  • skin care
  • opportunities for rest, quiet time or sleep
  • appropriate provision for exposure to sunlight and low temperatures.

Some 3 year olds will continue to need childcare workers help with this. Although some needs are common to all children, the childcare worker will need to adapt to meet the needs of the individual. Some toddlers will be willing to try a variety of foods whilst others will be fussy with food. Some toddlers will need to sleep during the day whilst others will be comfortable and will go through the day without sleep. By 3 years old, some children may have developed to go the toilet confidently whilst others will still be in the process of toilet training.

Whatever their needs, close attention should be given to each child and flexibility is required. They will experience periods of regular change regarding feeding, sleeping, starting to use the toilet and starting to develop independence skills. Each child has the right to be respected and this must be considered when meeting their needs.

They should be given as much privacy as possible, depending on the age and the needs of the individual. For example, a 3 year old child should be able to shut the toilet door, with the childcare workers staying nearby to offer support if required.

As they grow older physical care skills will develop naturally as part of children's daily routine and the childcare worker has a role to play in encouraging them to develop the skills which will help them become independent.

The parent/carer will be mainly responsible for meeting the physical needs of their child and childcare workers have a specific role to play to ensure continuity to this care within settings.

In early years' settings the Foundation Phase framework will provide guidance on children's developmental needs. In the 'Personal and Social Development, Well-being and Cultural Diversity' area of learning, children will be encouraged to develop independently. Children will need to be aware of the importance of personal hygiene, taking more responsibility for their own actions. The childcare worker should not have to remind a child to wash their hands after using the toilet, with this taking place naturally following encouragement from a very young age.

Childcare workers will need to work in a way which makes the children aware of their personal beliefs, their moral values and encourages them to develop self-esteem. In doing so they will develop to understand that not all children adopt physical care practices in the same way. Children will learn that families may have different beliefs and that they need to respect and value children from different backgrounds.

Using the toilet

There is no age where a child should have developed to use the toilet confidently and not all 3 year olds will have mastered this skill.

Some will have accidents and the childcare worker should avoid comparing children. Children should be encouraged by offering constant praise and ensuring that their parent/carer is informed of positive actions. Children will notice others going to the toilet unaided and will wish to emulate this so that they are the same as their friends. Children should be respected as they develop this skill.

Hand washing

Hand washing is a skill which children must learn, and they need to follow specific steps. Children need to be encouraged to do this and the youngest need to be supervised so that they become accustomed to washing their hands before/after certain activities, such as after going to the toilet, after playing in the sand, and before eating. Childcare workers are responsible for ensuring that children wash their hands and that this becomes a regular occurrence within the setting. In order to remind the children, it is good practice to display posters in the toilets identifying the steps to follow in order to wash their hands successfully. If the child is unsure the pictures will remind them which will develop their independence. Sometimes the youngest children will need help to dry their hands completely. Wet hands may cause the skin to become sore.

Oral care

Although small children teethe at different times and at a different pace, the majority of children will have a full set of baby teeth by the time they are 3 years old. From this point facial bones and jaw bones will grow and develop creating space between the baby teeth for permanent teeth. In order to care for the mouth and ensure that there is no spread of infection, children must adopt the routine of brushing their teeth. If children have been using a toothbrush since they were babies they will understand what it is for and know why their teeth need to be brushed regularly. If the parent/carer does this at home, it will be easier for the childcare worker to introduce 'Designed to Smile'. This scheme gives children the opportunity to brush their teeth together in a relaxed atmosphere, under the supervision of the childcare worker. It is important that the adult supervises the children whilst they brush their teeth in order to avoid bad habits. Although children are part of Designed to Smile this does not mean that they won't need to brush their teeth twice a day at home. It is not always possible to brush teeth after meals, but it is important to encourage this after the last meal of the day. It is good practice to offer children opportunities to watch adults and other children brushing their teeth. Good dental and gum hygiene and the prevention of tooth decay requires a healthy diet that avoids too many sugary drinks. Visiting the dentist regularly will also contribute to teeth hygiene and will help to prevent the spread of infection.

By the time children are 3 years old and attending early years settings or childcare the childcare worker should not encourage the use of beakers. If some children are still using them good hygiene practices will be needed as bacteria will collect on them and multiply quickly. They will need to be sterilised regularly. Overusing them may affect dental growth and sugary drinks should not be drunk from them as they will cause tooth decay. It is good practice for every child to use a plastic cup as soon as possible in order to promote good health and independence. They will need to learn to be careful and avoid knocking the cup over and spilling what's inside. Lunchtime provides an opportunity for children to pour their own drink into a plastic cup and everyone should have an opportunity to do this, even children who bring their own packed lunch to the setting. These opportunities allow children to learn together, by observing and copying their peers.

Skin care

Children are at risk of infection; therefore, careful attention needs to be paid to the skin, ensuring high standards of hygiene. Children need to learn that they need to wash their face morning and night in order to ensure good hygiene. They will also need a bath daily as they are now moving around more, exploring the environment and getting dirty whilst doing so. Bath time can be fun, with the toddler being able to play whilst keeping themselves clean. They can fill and empty contents or learn about things which float and sink.

Having a bath is good practice for the future and, in time, the child will be able to choose whether or not they need a bath, or they would rather wash in the shower. Children should not be left unattended in a shower or bath. Playing in water could lead to drowning and coming out of the bath could be dangerous if they slip and knock their head and then drown.

Areas of the skin that are cause for concern should be monitored, especially if children suffer from eczema as uncomfortable rashes can appear. The child may have a wound on their leg or arm from falling in the school yard, but whatever the cause the wound will need to be treated appropriately.

Opportunities for rest and quiet time

The needs of children vary in terms of their sleeping patterns. This will depend on their age, how lively they are as well as their personal needs. Childcare workers need to meet these needs as sleep allows the body to rest and recover physically and mentally. As they grow, some babies like to have periods of rest during the day whilst others are fine without periods of rest. The childcare worker will need to allow periods of rest by offering less energetic activities such as reading a book or doing a jigsaw. Safe places must be prepared within the setting for babies and children to rest and sleep as required.

Appropriate provision for exposure to sunlight and low temperatures

Babies and toddlers need to experience being outside in different weather so that they develop healthily and become accustomed to the effect of the weather on their bodies. Children should be protected from the weather as it may affect their skin. The sun can cause skin cancer and therefore skin should be protected with sun cream. Toddlers can be encouraged to put sun cream on themselves but will need supervision as they do so. Childcare workers must ensure that they have permission from parents/carers if required to apply sun cream to their children. It is good practice to avoid going out in the sun when it is particularly hot, especially between 11am and 3pm.

Low temperatures can affect children's skin and being outdoors for too long in low temperatures can cause frostbite. It is important that the children wear warm clothes such as several layers of clothing with a hat covering the head, gloves on the hands and a scarf around the neck. If the childcare worker notices that the child is getting too cold, they should be taken in from the cold.

Childcare workers are required to work in a way which supports care routines within the setting in accordance with their role and responsibilities. Physical care routines must be based on the individual needs of the child and it is essential to discuss the child's daily routine with their parents/carers. Giving consideration to home routines will enable the childcare worker to maintain consistency between the home and the setting. It is good practice to inform parents/carers of any changes to the child's care routines within the setting. This will lead to successful collaboration between the setting and the home. Consideration must be given to other backgrounds and cultures when setting and planning physical care routines. For example, care must be taken with the braided hair of an Afro-Caribbean child and consideration must be given to the fact that children from Muslim families need to wash under running water and take a shower instead of a bath.

The key worker system is used in some settings where the childcare worker will be responsible for looking after a specific child or a group of children. This will enable the childcare worker to develop a close relationship with those children and to identify their needs. This will also allow parents/carers to talk to one childcare worker who has come to know their children very well. The child will feel safer and will develop confidently regarding undertaking physical care routines and growing independently. As the child grows older and becomes more independent they will no longer need key worker support. They will have received the foundation to ensure that physical care practices are developed confidently and successfully. It is essential that parents/carers play an active part in their children's physical care routines so that they become confident and can respond to changes as children grow.

The role of the childcare worker is to ensure that care routines are maintained regularly in order to keep children safe and healthy, as well as promote independent development. There are specific policies for certain physical care routines and the childcare worker is required to read and understand these policies before undertaking any physical care activities. There is a specific policy for applying sun cream and the requirements must be adhered to, ensuring that children are always shown respect and care. Parents/carers must be aware of these policies so that they understand the reasoning of policies and why childcare workers cannot always do what parents/carers want. For example, childcare workers cannot apply sun cream to a child without permission from a parent/carer.

Not all care routines have specific policies, but there are specific steps to follow in order to operate safely, such as the steps to take when washing hands and caring for the skin. Training should be arranged to develop awareness of infections which can develop on the skin so that sore areas can be treated effectively. As children grow and develop they will not need to sleep during the day, but they will need to rest at regular intervals when spending large amounts of time undertaking active play, especially outdoor activities. The physical care routines offered to each child in the setting will be arranged during staff meetings and all childcare workers will need to work in a way which maintains this.

Further reading:

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Rhaid i gweithwyr gofal plant ddeall sut i sicrhau arferion gofal corfforol diogel i blant. Mae arferion gofal corfforol yn cynnwys y canlynol:

  • defnyddio’r toiled
  • golchi dwylo
  • gofal y geg
  • gofal y croen
  • cyfleoedd i orffwys a chael amser tawel
  • darpariaeth briodol ar gyfer heulwen a thywydd oer.

Bydd rhai plant tair oed yn parhau i fod angen cefnogaeth gweithwyr gofal plant gyda hyn. Er bod anghenion plant yn gyffredin rhaid i gweithwyr gofal plant addasu i gwrdd ag anghenion unigolion. Efallai bydd rhai plant yn fodlon treialu amrywiaeth o fwydydd gwahanol tra bod eraill llawer mwy dewisol. Bydd rhai plant angen cyfleoedd i orffwys yn rheolaidd yn ystod y dydd tra bod eraill yn gysurus am gyfnodau hirach heb orffwys. Erbyn tair oed bydd rhai plant wedi datblygu i ddefnyddio’r toiled yn hyderus tra bod eraill dal yn y broses o ddysgu. Mae angen bod yn hyblyg gan fod y plant mewn cyfnod o newid cyson o ran bwydo, gorffwys, defnyddio’r toiled a datblygu sgiliau annibyniaeth. Dylid parchu hawliau pob plentyn wrth gwrdd â’u hanghenion.

Mae angen rhoi cymaint â phosib o breifatrwydd i blant ac mae hyn yn ddibynnol ar oedran ac anghenion yr unigolyn. Dylai plentyn tair oed fedru cau drws y toiled, gyda’r gweithiwr gofal plant yn aros yn agos i gynnig cymorth os bydd angen. Wrth fynd yn hŷn bydd sgiliau gofal corfforol yn datblygu’n naturiol yn nhrefn ddyddiol y plant ac mae gan yr gweithiwr gofal plant rôl i’w hannog a’u hyrwyddo i feithrin y sgiliau a fydd yn cyfrannu tuag at fod yn annibynnol. Y rhiant/gofalwr fydd â’r cyfrifoldeb pennaf o ran gofal corfforol y plentyn a dylai’r gweithiwr gofal plant sicrhau bod y gofal yna’n parhau yn y lleoliad.

Mewn lleoliadau blynyddoedd cynnar bydd fframwaith y Cyfnod Sylfaen yn cynnig arweiniad o ran anghenion datblygiad plant. Yn y maes dysgu ‘Datblygiad Personol a Chymdeithasol, Lles ac Amrywiaeth Ddiwylliannol’, bydd plant yn cael eu hannog i ddatblygu’n annibynnol. Bydd angen i blant fod yn ymwybodol o bwysigrwydd hylendid personol gan gymryd mwy o gyfrifoldeb dros eu gweithredoedd eu hunain. Ni ddylai’r gweithiwr gofal plant orfod atgoffa plentyn i olchi ei ddwylo ar ôl defnyddio’r toiled, gyda hyn yn digwydd yn naturiol yn dilyn anogaeth o oedran ifanc iawn.

Bydd angen i’r gweithiwr gofal plant weithio mewn ffordd sy’n tynnu sylw’r plant at eu credoau personol, eu gwerthoedd moesol a’u hannog i ddatblygu eu hunan-barch. Trwy hyn byddant yn datblygu i ddeall nad yw pob plentyn yn mabwysiadu arferion gofal corfforol yn yr un ffordd. Bydd plant yn dysgu bod arferion yn medru gwahaniaethu o fewn teuluoedd a bod angen iddynt barchu a gwerthfawrogi plant o gefndiroedd gwahanol.

Defnyddio’r toiled

Nid oes oed penodol y dylai plant fod wedi datblygu i ddefnyddio’r toiled yn hyderus ac ni fydd pob plentyn tair oed wedi meistroli’r sgil yma.

Bydd rhai yn cael damweiniau ac mae'n bwysig nad yw’r gweithiwr gofal plant yn poeni am hyn ac yn cymharu plant â’i gilydd. Dylid annog plant drwy gynnig canmoliaeth yn gyson a gwneud yn siŵr bod eu rhiant/gofalwr yn cael gwybod am weithredoedd positif.

Bydd plant yn sylwi ar eraill yn mynd i’r toiled heb gymorth ac am wneud hynny hefyd er mwyn bod yr un peth â’u ffrindiau. Dylid parchu plant wrth iddynt fynd drwy’r broses o fabwysiadu’r sgil yma.

Golchi dwylo

Mae golchi dwylo yn sgil sydd angen i blant ddysgu ac mae angen sicrhau eu bod yn dilyn camau penodol ac yn golchi eu dwylo yn gywir. Mae angen hyrwyddo plant i wneud hyn ac mae angen goruchwylio’r plant lleiaf fel eu bod yn dod i arfer â golchi eu dwylo cyn neu ar ôl rhai gweithredoedd megis ar ôl bod yn y toiled, ar ôl chwarae yn y tywod, a chyn bwyta bwyd. Mae gweithwyr gofal plant yn gyfrifol am sicrhau bod plant yn golchi eu dwylo a bod hyn yn arfer rheolaidd ym mywyd dyddiol y lleoliad. Er mwyn atgoffa’r plant mae’n arfer da i osod posteri yn y toiledau sy’n nodi’r camau i’w dilyn er mwyn golchi dwylo’n llwyddiannus. Os nad yw’r plentyn yn siŵr bydd y lluniau yn eu hatgoffa a bydd hyn datblygu annibyniaeth. Weithiau bydd angen cymorth ar y plant lleiaf i sychu eu dwylo yn hollol sych. Gall dwylo gwlyb achosi i’r croen fynd yn ddolurus.

Gofal y geg

Er bod plant bach yn torri dannedd ar adegau gwahanol ac ar gyflymder gwahanol bydd y mwyafrif o blant yn berchen ar set lawn o ddannedd baban erbyn 3 blwydd oed. O hyn ymlaen bydd esgyrn y wyneb a’r ên yn tyfu a datblygu gan wneud lle rhwng y dannedd baban ar gyfer y dannedd parhaol. Er mwyn gofalu ar ôl y geg a sicrhau nad oes heintiau yn lledu mae angen mabwysiadu’r arfer o lanhau dannedd. Os yw’r plentyn wedi arfer â defnyddio brws dannedd ers yn faban, bydd erbyn hyn yn deall ei bwrpas ac yn gwybod pam mae angen brwsio’r dannedd yn rheolaidd. Os yw’r rhiant/gofalwr yn arfer y drefn hon yn y cartref mae’n gwneud rôl yr gweithiwr gofal plant wrth gyflwyno’r ‘Cynllun Gwên’ yn haws. Mae’r cynllun hwn yn rhoi cyfle i blant frwsio’u dannedd gyda’i gilydd mewn awyrgylch hamddenol o dan oruchwyliaeth yr gweithiwr gofal plant. Mae’n bwysig bod yr oedolyn yn goruchwylio plant wrth iddynt lanhau eu dannedd er mwyn osgoi arferion gwael. Er bod plant yn rhan o’r cynllun gwên nid yw hyn yn golygu na fydd angen iddynt frwsio eu dannedd ddwywaith y dydd yn y cartref. Nid yw bob amser yn bosib glanhau’r dannedd ar ôl prydau bwyd ond mae’n bwysig i annog hyn ar ôl pryd olaf y dydd. Mae’n arfer da i gynnig cyfleoedd i blant wylio’r oedolyn a phlant eraill yn golchi dannedd. Er mwyn cynnal hylendid da o’r dannedd a’r deintgig (gums) ac atal pydredd dannedd mae angen bwyta deiet iach sy’n osgoi gormod o ddiodydd melys. Bydd ymweld â’r deintydd yn gyson hefyd yn cyfrannu at hylendid y dannedd ac yn gymorth i atal heintiau rhag lledaenu.

Erbyn pan fydd plant yn cyrraedd tair oed a mynychu lleoliad blynyddoedd cynnar neu ofal plant cynnar ni ddylai’r gweithiwr gofal plant annog y defnydd o ficeri. Os bydd rhai plant yn dal yn eu defnyddio bydd angen ymarfer hylendid da gan fod bacteria yn casglu arnynt ac yn lluosi yn gyflym. Bydd angen eu diheintio yn rheolaidd. Mae gorddefnydd ohonynt yn medru effeithio tyfiant y dannedd ac ni ddylid rhoi diod felys ynddynt gan y bydd yn achosi’r dannedd i bydru. Mae’n arfer da bod pob plentyn yn defnyddio cwpan plastig cyn gynted â phosib er mwyn hyrwyddo iechyd da ac annibyniaeth. Bydd angen dysgu bod yn ofalus rhag i’r cwpan droi a gwastraffu’r ddiod. Mae cyfnod amser cinio yn rhoi cyfle i blant arllwys diod eu hunain i gwpan plastig ac awgrymir bod pawb yn cael cyfle i wneud hyn, hyd yn oed y plant sydd yn dod â phecyn bwyd eu hunain i’r lleoliad. Mae’r cyfleoedd yma yn caniatáu i blant ddysgu ymysg ei gilydd gan wylio a dynwared eu cyfoedion.

Gofal y croen

Mae plant yn agored iawn i heintiau, felly mae angen rhoi sylw manwl i’r croen gan sicrhau safon uchel o hylendid. Mae angen dysgu plant bod eisiau iddynt olchi eu hwyneb yn y bore a gyda’r nos er mwyn sicrhau hylendid da. Bydd plentyn angen cael bath bob dydd gan ei fod yn symud llawer ac wrth archwilio’r amgylchedd ac yn cael ei hun yn fudr. Gall amser bath fod yn amser llawn hwyl lle caiff y plentyn chwarae a dysgu wrth gadw ei hun yn lân. Gallant lenwi a gwagio cynhwysion neu ddysgu am bethau sy’n arnofio a suddo.

Mae cael bath yn rheolaidd yn arfer da ar gyfer y dyfodol ac mewn amser bydd y plentyn yn gallu dewis a yw angen mynd i’r bath neu a yw am ymolchi yn y gawod. Ni ddylid gadael plant ar ben eu hunain mewn cawod neu fath. Mae perygl boddi wrth chwarae yn y dŵr a gallai ddod allan o’r bath fod yn beryglus wrth iddynt lithro a bwrw eu pen ac yna boddi.

Bydd angen cadw golwg ar groen plant yn gyson, yn enwedig os yw’r plentyn yn dioddef o ecsema gan fod brechau dolurus yn gallu ymddangos. Efallai bydd clwyf ar y goes neu’r fraich ar ôl i’r plentyn ddisgyn ar yr iard chwarae, ond beth bynnag yw’r achos bydd angen trin y cyflwr yn briodol.

Cyfleoedd i orffwys a chael amser tawel

Mae anghenion plant yn amrywio o ran patrymau gorffwys. Bydd hyn yn dibynnu ar eu hoed, pa mor fywiog ydynt yn ogystal â’u hanghenion personol. Mae angen i gweithwyr gofal plant fod yn ymwybodol o hyn gan fod cyfnodau o orffwys yn caniatáu’r corff i adfer yn gorfforol ac yn feddyliol. Bydd rhai plant bach yn hoffi cael cyfnod o orffwys yn ystod y dydd tra na fydd eraill angen y cyfnodau hyn. Bydd angen i’r gweithiwr gofal plant ganiatáu i blant gael cyfnodau o orffwys trwy gynnig gweithgareddau llai egnïol megis, darllen llyfr neu wneud jig-so. Bydd angen paratoi llefydd diogel o fewn y lleoliad i blant gael gorffwys a chael amser tawel pan fydd angen.

Darpariaeth briodol ar gyfer dod i gysylltiad â’r haul a thymereddau isel

Mae angen i blant brofi bod allan mewn gwahanol dywydd fel eu bod yn datblygu’n iach ac yn cyfarwyddo ag effaith y tywydd ar eu cyrff. Mae angen i’r gweithiwr gofal plant ddiogelu plant rhag y tywydd a’r effaith ddifrifol y mae’n gallu cael ar eu croen. Gall yr haul achosi cancr y croen, felly mae angen diogelu’r croen drwy ei orchuddio ag eli haul. Gellir annog plant i roi eli ar eu croen eu hunain ond bydd angen eu goruchwylio wrth iddynt wneud hyn. Bydd rhaid i’r gweithiwr gofal plant sicrhau eu bod yn derbyn caniatâd oddi wrth y rhieni/gofalwyr os ydynt am roi eli haul ar eu plant. Mae’n arfer da i osgoi mynd allan yn yr haul ar adegau pan fydd yn boeth ofnadwy, yn enwedig rhwng 11 y.b. a 3 y.h.

Gall bod allan am gyfnodau rhy hir mewn tymereddau isel achosi ewinrhew (frostbite). Mae’n bwysig bod y plentyn yn gwisgo dillad cynnes; sawl haenen denau o ddillad gan orchuddio’r pen gyda het, y dwylo gyda menig a’r gwddf gyda sgarff. Os bydd yr gweithiwr gofal plant yn sylwi bod y plentyn yn mynd yn rhy oer bydd rhaid dod i mewn ac allan o’r oerfel.

Mae angen i gweithiwr gofal plant gynnal arferion gofal da o fewn y lleoliad. Bydd arferion gofal corfforol yn cael eu seilio ar anghenion y plentyn unigol ac mae’n hanfodol trafod hyn gyda’r rhieni/gofalwyr. Bydd cymryd sylw o arferion y cartref yn galluogi’r gweithiwr gofal plant i gynnal cysondeb rhwng y cartref a’r lleoliad. Mae’n arfer da i hysbysu rhieni/ gofalwyr os oes unrhyw newid i arferion gofal y plentyn o fewn y lleoliad. Bydd hyn yn caniatáu cydweithio llwyddiannus rhwng y lleoliad a’r cartref. Rhaid ystyried cefndiroedd a diwylliannau eraill wrth gynllunio arferion gofal corfforol. Mae angen cymryd gofal gyda gwallt plentyn Affro-Caribïaidd sydd wedi’i blethu neu mae angen ystyried bod rhai plant o deuluoedd Mwslemaidd angen golchi o dan ddŵr sy’n rhedeg a chymryd cawod yn hytrach na bath.

Mae’r system gweithiwr allweddol ar waith mewn rhai lleoliadau lle bydd yr gweithiwr gofal plant yn cael cyfrifoldeb am ofalu ar ôl plentyn penodol neu grŵp o blant. Bydd hyn yn caniatáu i’r gweithiwr gofal plant ddatblygu perthynas glos gyda’r plant hynny gan ddod i adnabod eu hanghenion. Bydd hyn hefyd yn caniatáu i’r rhieni/gofalwyr drafod gydag un gweithiwr gofal plant sydd wedi dod i adnabod eu plant yn dda iawn. Bydd y plentyn yn teimlo’n fwy diogel ac yn datblygu’n hyderus wrth ymgymryd ag arferion gofal corfforol a thyfu’n annibynnol. Wrth i’r plentyn dyfu’n hŷn gan ddatblygu i fod yn fwy annibynnol ni fydd angen cefnogaeth y gweithiwr allweddol mwyach. Bydd wedi derbyn y sylfaen i sicrhau bod arferion gofal corfforol yn cael eu meithrin yn hyderus a llwyddiannus. Mae’n hollbwysig bod rhieni/gofalwyr yn cymryd rhan weithredol mewn arferion gofal corfforol eu plant fel eu bod hwythau yn datblygu hyder ac yn gallu ymateb i’r newidiadau wrth i blant dyfu.

Rôl yr gweithiwr gofal plant yw sicrhau bod yr arferion gofal yn cael eu cynnal yn rheolaidd er mwyn cadw’r plant yn ddiogel ac iach yn ogystal â hyrwyddo datblygiad annibynnol. Mae polisïau penodol ar gyfer rhai arferion gofal corfforol ac mae‘n ofynnol bod yr gweithiwr gofal plant yn eu darllen a’u deall cyn ymgymryd â gweithred gofal corfforol. Mae polisi arbennig ar gyfer rhoi eli haul ar blant ac mae’n rhaid cydymffurfio â’r gofynion gan sicrhau bod parch a gofal yn cael ei roi i’r plant ar bob adeg. Mae angen bod rhieni/gofalwyr yn gwybod am y polisïau hyn fel eu bod yn deall rhesymeg y polisïau a pham na all gweithwyr gofal plant bob tro wneud yr hyn mae rhieni/gofalwyr yn dymuno. Ni all gweithiwr gofal plant er enghraifft roi eli haul ar blentyn heb dderbyn caniatâd oddi wrth y rhieni/gofalwyr.

Nid oes polisi ar gyfer yr holl arferion gofal ond mae yna gamau penodol i’w dilyn er mwyn gweithredu’n ddiogel, megis y camau sydd i’w dilyn wrth olchi dwylo a gofalu am y croen. Dylid trefnu hyfforddiant i ddatblygu ymwybyddiaeth o heintiau sy’n gallu datblygu ar y croen fel y gellir trin ardaloedd dolurus yn effeithiol. Wrth i blant dyfu a datblygu ni fyddant angen cyfnodau o gwsg yn ystod y dydd ond byddant angen cyfnodau i orffwys yn gyson wrth dreulio llawer o amser yn chwarae’n egnïol, yn enwedig gyda gweithgareddau yn yr ardal allanol. Bydd arferion gofal corfforol a gynigir ar gyfer pob plentyn o fewn y lleoliad yn cael eu trefnu yn y cyfarfodydd staff a bydd angen bod yr holl gweithwyr gofal plant yn gweithio mewn ffordd sy’n cynnal y rhain.

Darllen pellach:

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The importance of a relaxed and comfortable atmosphere to support safe physical care routines

Pwysigrwydd awyrgylch tawel a chyfforddus i gefnogi arferion gofal corfforol diogel

Child's daily routine

Physical care routines are integral to the daily life of toddlers and children. It is important to support these routines by showing respect and dignity in a comfortable and relaxed environment. Children receive care in settings in groups and individually.

Wherever they receive care, they will require loving interaction, motivation and physical care, within a calm environment. The childcare worker should treat children in a warm and caring way. They also need to be prepared to support a child who finds it difficult to cope with physical care independently.

Children need to be given the opportunity to talk and ask questions as well as being asked questions in a comfortable environment. One change will be using paper towels after becoming familiar with using a towel to wipe their hands at home.

They may be used to the privacy afforded to them when using the toilet at home and may be a bit scared to use the toilet at the setting. Comfort and peace of mind will need to be given to the child during these periods of change in order to enable them to cope with physical care routines in a confident and successful manner. The childcare worker must always be polite with the children. If the childcare worker enjoys the relationship they have established with the children they will put their trust in the childcare worker, come to know who provides this care and enjoy being in their company too.

A comfortable and relaxed environment will encourage babies and toddlers to feel:

  • at home
  • safe
  • happy
  • content
  • confident
  • positive
  • emotionally secure
  • independent
  • excited
  • enthusiastic.

It will also make them feel that they are respected and valued and that they are part of the setting. It will be a positive step towards developing independence.

If the child has been at the setting since they were a baby, progression should be ensured regarding physical care routines. If the toddler is new to the setting, childcare workers will need to establish the toddler's needs immediately and discuss those needs with the parents/carers in order to become familiar with the toddler's routine. This will help them settle as soon as possible. Working methods that promote a comfortable and relaxed atmosphere whilst supporting safe physical care routines should be used. This will enable the children to feel relaxed and will increase the confidence of toddlers to develop care routines in a successful manner.

Using the toilet

Not all 3 year olds will have developed to use the toilet with confidence, and some will only be starting to learn. The child should be shown respect and dignity when starting to use the toilet and such training should be made fun. If the childcare worker became angry at the child for wetting themselves, the child would become frustrated with the training process and the process will become boring for the child. Children become accustomed to using the toilet confidently at different ages and it is essential that childcare workers offer appropriate support in line with the child's developmental stage. The child will show or say when they are ready to learn this routine. If the children have mastered using the toilet the childcare worker will need to show respect and allow them to use the toilet independently. Not all children like asking to go to the toilet therefore they need to be given the freedom to go whenever they want.

Rest, and quiet time

There should be facilities within the setting for children to rest and sleep. Children will fall asleep if they feel safe and if the body is relaxed. They will not be able to sleep in a noisy environment that is unfamiliar to them. The younger children may still have a comforter, a comforter from home can help them to relax and rest. Familiar objects such as a blanket as well as information from the parents can be useful, such which is their favourite teddy or favourite story book. Not every child will need to rest for long periods; some children have more energy than others and are happy to go all day without rest. Even so, it is important for the childcare worker to encourage every child to have some quiet time so that they have an opportunity to learn how to relax, have discussions, share stories and feelings and say what is on their mind. Whatever the child's routine, it will need to be maintained so that the brain and body clock become accustomed to the routine.

Children need to develop an awareness of their bodies, and this can be fun for the children by making physical care routines exciting. Singing songs about physical routines can also help, such as:

Wash, wash, wash your hands

over, under, in between

Wash, wash, wash your hands

now we are all clean.

The same format could be used for brushing teeth, combing the hair and washing the face.

With older children the childcare worker can encourage them to write their own songs and explain the moves to the younger children. A song about hand washing can be written so that they learn and remember the routine more easily.

It is also essential to model good physical care routines to ensure they are safe and enjoyable experiences that promote the children's holistic learning, growth and development. Developing healthily will allow the child to feel good about themselves and this will contribute to their confidence. There is a correlation between health and well-being. Good health contributes towards the child's holistic development. It encourages the child to take part in play activities individually or alongside other children, thus undertaking new experiences whilst exploring the environment. Children should be supervised when undertaking physical care routines in order to ensure high standards of hygiene. This will prevent illnesses, increase self-respect and encourage the children to learn how to take care of themselves, thus starting the process of independent development. Work must be undertaken in a way that exemplifies good practices so that children naturally incorporate these practices within their daily routines. Children need to be included when undertaking care practices.

The childcare worker may talk to them and find a way of including them so that they are part of the procedure, maybe encouraging the child to explain the hand washing steps to another child, or perhaps children can start to wash their own faces. As the childcare worker works in a way that models good practice, children will take pride in learning how to undertake daily physical care routines, learning how to become an independent child. Children like to imitate the actions of adults and so it is vital that these habits are positive.

Physical care routines Modelling good practice Promoting learning, growth and development
Going to the toilet
  • allow the child to use the potty or the toilet
  • show respect by letting the child close the door
  • be at hand in case the child needs help to remove/pull up their underwear.

  • develop self-confidence
  • learn about dignity and respect
  • learn how to dress/undress
  • the colour of clothes
  • learn about the importance of hygiene
  • develop independence.
Hand washing

encourage children to observe the following steps when washing their hands:

  1. Wet your hands with warm water.
  2. Use a liquid soap.
  3. Create a foam and rub the hands (20 seconds).
  4. Rinse (10 seconds).
  5. Dry your hands.
  6. Turn off the tap.
Remember to wash:
  • between your fingers, under your nails and the back of your hands.
  • display the steps on the wall in the toilets.
  • encourage children to wash their hands before food, after going to the toilet and after taking part in messy play, e.g. play with sand.

  • develop motor skills
  • support language development
  • interact with others
  • understand sequence and order
  • learn about the importance of hygiene
  • taking turns – they may have to wait a while if several other children are washing their hands.
Oral Care
  • encourage the use of a tooth brush
  • role play by brushing the doll’s teeth
  • role play – the dentist
  • visiting the dentist regularly
  • drink water between meals
  • offer a sugar free snack
  • use a plastic cup rather than a beaker
  • activities to raise awareness of oral care.
  • develop motor skills
  • make choices, e.g. choosing a toothbrush
  • develop a good attitude towards oral hygiene
  • grow healthily
  • develop confidence and self-esteem
  • develop independence.
Skin care
  • encourage the child to wash their face independently
  • encourage the child to look in the mirror whilst washing their face
  • sing songs
  • look for rashes or sores on the skin
  • encourage the toddler to wear clothes that are appropriate for the weather – a hat when it is sunny and warm clothes when it is cold.
  • develop motor skills
  • learn about sequence and order
  • develop confidence and self-esteem
  • promote a healthy lifestyle
  • good attitude towards hygiene
  • learn to name parts of the body.
Rest, quiet time and sleep
  • offer books and jigsaw puzzles for toddles to have periods of rest
  • listen to music in quiet areas
  • quiet conversations
  • ensure suitable areas to sleep
  • ensure that sleeping area is warm
  • read the baby/toddler a story before they go to sleep
  • be patient as the baby develops their sleeping patterns
  • remain quiet, sometimes without communicating.
  • develop language skills
  • develop listening skills
  • learn that the body needs to relax and sleep
  • develop the ability to relax
  • develop an enjoyment of books and music
  • enjoy with friends.

Further reading:

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Mae arferion gofal corfforol yn rhan annatod o fywyd dyddiol plant ac mae’n bwysig bod yr gweithiwr gofal plant yn eu cefnogi drwy arddangos parch ac urddas, a hynny mewn awyrgylch tawel a chyfforddus. Gwelir fod plant yn derbyn gofal mewn lleoliadau grŵp ac yn unigol. Ble bynnag y byddant yn derbyn y gofal, bydd angen rhyngweithiad cariadus, symbyliad a gofal corfforol arnynt, a hynny o fewn awyrgylch dawel. Dylai’r gweithiwr gofal plant arddangos sgiliau i ymdrin â phlant yn gynnes ac yn ofalgar. Mae angen bod yn barod i roi cefnogaeth i blentyn sydd yn gweld hi’n anodd ymdopi ag arferion gofal corfforol yn annibynnol. Bydd angen rhoi cyfle i blentyn siarad o fewn awyrgylch dawel lle allwch ofyn cwestiynau ac annog y plentyn i ofyn cwestiynau hefyd. Efallai bydd yn gyfarwydd â sychu dwylo yn y cartref gyda thywel ac fe fydd defnyddio tywelion papur yn broses newydd iddo. Efallai y bydd yn gyfarwydd â’r preifatrwydd y caiff wrth ddefnyddio’r toiled yn y cartref ac yn teimlo ychydig yn ofnus i ddefnyddio’r toiled yn y lleoliad. Bydd angen cynnig cysur a sicrwydd i blentyn yn ystod y cyfnodau yma o newid er mwyn ei alluogi i ymdopi ag arferion gofal corfforol yn hyderus a llwyddiannus. Mae angen bod yn gwrtais gyda phlant bob amser. Os bydd yr gweithiwr gofal plant yn mwynhau’r berthynas maent wedi sefydlu gyda’r plant byddant hwy yn dod i ymddiried yn yr gweithiwr gofal plant, yn dod i wybod pwy sydd yn cynnal y gofal hwn ac yn dangos mwynhad yn eu cwmni hwythau hefyd.

Bydd awyrgylch tawel a chyfforddus yn annog plant i deimlo’n:

  • gysurus
  • diogel
  • hapus
  • bodlon
  • hyderus
  • positif
  • emosiynol ddiogel
  • annibynnol
  • cyffrous
  • brwdfrydig.

Bydd hefyd yn rhoi’r teimlad eu bod yn cael eu parchu a’u gwerthfawrogi a’u bod yn rhan o’r lleoliad. Bydd yn gam positif at ddatblygu annibyniaeth.

Os yw’r plentyn wedi bod yn y lleoliad ers yn faban bydd angen sicrhau bod dilyniant wrth gynnal arferion gofal corfforol. Efallai bydd yn aros ar yr un safle ond yn newid adeilad ac felly bydd yn gyfarwydd â’r amgylchedd gan wneud y broses o ddatblygu’n annibynnol yn haws. Os yw’r plentyn yn newydd i’r lleoliad bydd angen i’r gweithiwr gofal plant sefydlu anghenion y plentyn yn syth ac mae angen trafod gyda rhieni/gofalwyr er mwyn dod i adnabod rwtin y plentyn fel y gall setlo cyn gynted â phosib. Fel gweithiwr gofal plant mae angen gweithio mewn ffordd sy’n hybu awyrgylch tawel a chyfforddus wrth gefnogi arferion gofal corfforol diogel. Bydd hyn yn caniatáu i’r plant deimlo’n gartrefol yn ogystal â chynyddu hyder plant i ddatblygu arferion gofal yn llwyddiannus.

Defnyddio’r toiled

Ni fydd pob plentyn tair oed wedi datblygu i ddefnyddio’r toiled yn hyderus ac fe fydd rhai ond yn dechrau dysgu. Bydd angen dangos parch ac urddas i’r plentyn wrth iddo ddechrau defnyddio’r toiled ac mae angen sicrhau bod yr hyfforddi yn hwylus. Pe byddai gweithiwr gofal plant yn ddig oherwydd bod plentyn wedi gwlychu ei hun, byddai’r plentyn yn mynd yn rhwystredig gyda’r broses o hyfforddi’n troi’n ddiflas iddo. Mae’r oedran y bydd plant yn cyfarwyddo â defnyddio’r toiled yn hyderus yn amrywio ac mae’n hanfodol bod yr gweithiwr gofal plant yn cynnig y cymorth priodol yn ôl cam datblygiad y plentyn. Bydd y plentyn yn dangos neu’n dweud pan fydd yn barod i ddechrau dysgu’r arfer hwn. Os yw’r plant wedi meistroli defnyddio’r toiled bydd angen i’r gweithiwr gofal plant ddangos parch a gadael iddynt ddefnyddio’r toiled yn annibynnol. Nid yw pob plentyn yn hoffi dweud ei bod am fynd i’r toiled felly mae angen iddynt gael y rhyddid i fynd pryd y mynnant.

Gorffwys, a chael amser tawel

Dylai fod cyfleusterau o fewn y lleoliad i blant orffwys a chael amser tawel. Bydd plant yn gysurus os byddant yn teimlo’n ddiogel ac os yw’r corff wedi ymlacio. Ni fyddant yn medru gorffwys mewn amgylchedd swnllyd sy’n anghyfarwydd iddynt. Gyda’r plant lleiaf sydd yn dal i ddibynnu ar gysurwr, gall cysurwr o adref eu helpu i ymlacio a gorffwys. Gwrthrychau cyfarwydd megis tedi neu flanced yn ogystal â gwybodaeth oddi wrth rieni/gofalwyr megis beth yw ei hoff degan neu hoff lyfr stori. Ni fydd pob plentyn angen cyfnodau hir i orffwys; mae gan rai plant fwy o egni nag eraill ac yn hapus i fynd trwy’r dydd heb orffwys. Er hyn mae’n bwysig bod yr gweithiwr gofal plant yn annog pob plentyn i gael amser tawel er mwyn cael cyfle i ddysgu ymlacio, trafod, rhannu storïau a theimladau a dweud beth sydd ar eu meddwl. Beth bynnag yw rwtin y plentyn bydd angen cadw at y drefn fel bod yr ymennydd a chloc y corff yn cyfarwyddo â’r arfer.

Mae angen bod plant yn datblygu ymwybyddiaeth o’u cyrff a gellir gwneud hyn yn hwyl trwy gynnal arferion gofal corfforol sy’n llawn cyffro i’r plant. Er enghraifft, canu caneuon am arferion gofal corfforol:

Dyma’r ffordd i olchi dwylo,

golchi dwylo, golchi dwylo.

Dyma’r ffordd i olchi dwylo

yn gynnar yn y bore.

Gellir dilyn yr un fformat gyda brwsio dannedd, cribo’r gwallt a golchi’r wyneb. Gyda phlant hŷn gall yr gweithiwr gofal plant eu hannog i greu caneuon eu hunain. Bydd hyn yn eu galluogi i ddeall pwysigrwydd arferion gofal corfforol yn ogystal â chyfrannu tuag at ddatblygiad iaith. Gellir gwneud cân sy’n cwmpasu camau golchi dwylo fel eu bod yn dysgu a chofio’r drefn yn haws.

Mae’n hanfodol modelu arferion gofal corfforol da fel eu bod yn brofiadau diogel a phleserus sy’n hybu dysgu, twf a datblygiad cyfannol plant. Bydd datblygu’n iach yn caniatáu i’r plentyn deimlo’n dda am ei hunan a bydd hyn yn cyfrannu at ei hyder. Mae iechyd a lles yn cydberthyn. Mae iechyd da yn cyfrannu tuag at ddatblygiad cyfannol y plentyn. Mae yn ei annog i gymryd rhan mewn gweithgareddau chwarae yn unigol neu ochr yn ochr â phlant eraill gan dderbyn profiadau newydd wrth archwilio’r amgylchedd. Mae angen sicrhau goruchwylio plant wrth iddynt ymgymryd ag arferion gofal corfforol er mwyn sicrhau bod y safonau hylendid yn uchel. Bydd hyn yn atal afiechyd, cynyddu hunan-barch ac annog y plant i ddysgu sut mae gofalu ar ôl eu hunain gan ddechrau’r broses o ddatblygu’n annibynnol. Rhaid gweithio mewn ffordd sy’n modelu arferion da fel bod plant yn eu hymgorffori yn naturiol o fewn eu trefn ddyddiol. Gellir gwneud arferion gofal corfforol yn rhai pleserus i blant wrth eu cynnwys yn eu chwarae a’u profiadau beunyddiol. Os yw’r gweithiwr gofal plant yn medru esbonio i’r plentyn pam mae arferion gofal corfforol yn bwysig, bydd posibiliadau i’r plentyn ddysgu trwy’r arferion hyn. Mae angen cynnwys plant wrth ymgymryd ag arferion gofal. Gellir siarad â hwy a dod o hyd i ffyrdd o’u cynnwys fel eu bod yn rhan o’r weithred gan efallai annog plentyn i esbonio’r camau golchi dwylo i blentyn arall, neu efallai gall plant ddechrau glanhau eu hwynebau eu hunain yn ystod arfer ymolchi. Wrth i’r gweithiwr gofal plant weithio mewn ffordd sy’n modelu arfer da bydd plant yn ymfalchïo wrth fynd drwy’r broses o ddechrau dysgu sut mae ymgymryd ag arferion gofal corfforol yn ddyddiol, gan ddysgu sut mae datblygu i fod yn blentyn annibynnol. Bydd plant yn hoffi dynwared gweithred yr oedolyn ac felly mae’n hanfodol eu bod yn arferion positif.

Arferion gofal corfforol Modelu arfer dda Hybu dysgu twf a datblygiad
Defnyddio’r toiled
  • caniatáu i’r plentyn ddefnyddio’r toiled yn annibynnol
  • dangos parch drwy adael i’r plentyn gau drws y toiled
  • bod yn agos rhag ofn bydd y plentyn angen cymorth wrth dynnu/ gwisgo dillad isaf.

  • datblygu hunan hyder
  • dysgu am urddas a pharch
  • dysgu gwisgo/ dadwisgo
  • lliwiau’r dillad
  • dysgu am bwysigrwydd hylendid
  • datblygu annibyniaeth.
Golchi dwylo

Hybu plant i gymryd sylw o’r camau golchi dwylo:

  1. Gwlychwch eich dwylo o dan ddŵr cynnes
  2. Defnyddiwch sebon hylif
  3. Gwnewch ewyn a rhwbiwch (20 eiliad)
  4. Rinsio (10 eiliad)
  5. Sychwch eich dwylo
  6. Diffoddwch y tap.
Cofiwch olchi:
  • rhwng eich bysedd, o dan eich ewinedd a chefn eich dwylo
  • arddangos y camau ar wal yn y tai bach plant i dylino posteri camau golchi dwylo
  • plant yn esbonio’r camau i blant eraill
  • annog plant i olchi dwylo cyn bwyd, ar ôl bod yn y toiled ac ar ôl cymryd rhan mewn gweithgareddau budr, e.e. chwarae gyda thywod, chwarae tu allan.

  • datblygu sgiliau motor
  • cefnogi datblygiad iaith
  • rhyngweithio ag eraill
  • deall dilyniant a threfn
  • dysgu am bwysigrwydd hylendid
  • cymryd tro - efallai bydd rhaid aros ychydig os oes sawl plentyn bach yn golchi eu dwylo.
Gofal y geg
  • annog y defnydd o frws dannedd yn gynnar
  • chwarae rôl trwy frwsio dannedd y ddol
  • chwarae rôl - y deintydd
  • ymweld â’r deintydd yn gyson
  • yfed dŵr rhwng prydau bwyd
  • cynnig snac sy’n rhydd o siwgr
  • defnyddio cwpan plastig yn hytrach na bicer
  • gweithgareddau sy’n codi ymwybyddiaeth o ofal y geg.
  • datblygu sgiliau motor
  • gwneud dewisiadau e.e. dewis brws dannedd
  • datblygu agwedd dda tuag at hylendid y geg
  • tyfu’n iach
  • datblygu hyder a hunan-barch
  • datblygu annibyniaeth.
Gofal y croen
  • annog plant i olchi ei wyneb yn annibynnol
  • annog plentyn i edrych mewn drych wrth olchi’r wyneb
  • canu caneuon
  • edrych am frechau neu ddolur ar y croen
  • annog plentyn bach i wisgo dillad addas ar gyfer y tywydd - het yn yr haul a dillad cynnes pan fydd hi’n oer
  • bydd angen rhoi olew yn gyson ar groen plentyn croenddu.
  • datblygu sgiliau motor
  • dysgu am ddilyniant a threfn
  • datblygu hyder a hunan-barch
  • hyrwyddo ffordd iach o fyw
  • agwedd dda tuag at hylendid
  • dysgu enwau mannau o’r corff.
Gorffwys, amser tawel, cwsg
  • cynnig llyfrau a posau jig-so i blant bach gael cyfnodau o orffwys
  • gwrando ar gerddoriaeth mewn mannau tawel
  • sgyrsiau tawel
  • sicrhau bod mannau addas i gysgu
  • sicrhau bod yr ardal gysgu’n gynnes
  • darllen stori cyn i’r plentyn bach/plentyn fynd i gysgu
  • bod yn amyneddgar wrth i blentyn bach ddatblygu patrwm cwsg
  • aros yn dawel, weithiau heb gyfathrebu.
  • datblygu sgiliau iaith
  • datblygu sgiliau gwrando
  • dysgu bod rhaid i’r corff ymlacio a chael cwsg
  • datblygu’r gallu i ymlacio
  • datblygu mwynhad o lyfrau a cherddoriaeth
  • mwynhau gyda ffrindiau.

Darllen pellach:

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How to support toilet training whilst maintaining children’s dignity and respect

Sut i gefnogi plant i ddefnyddio'r toiled gan gynnal eu hurddas a'u parch

Child on the potty

Childcare workers must identify and understand children's development stages considering that every child is unique and develops at a different pace. Respect and a great deal of patience should be shown when helping children use the toilet independently. Not all three year olds will have developed to use the toilet confidently and they cannot begin to use the toilet until they have developed to understand the need to use it. The brain needs to have developed to understand the message that the bladder or bowel is full. The child needs to be able to use language to tell the childcare worker that they need to go to the toilet or express this through body language. Slightly older children will be confident and start developing to use the toilet independently. If they have not developed to do this by five years old there may be a reason for this. There may be developmental delay, an urinary infection or perhaps the child will refuse to learn. If the child refuses the parent/carer may be able to change this when taking them to choose and buy underwear.

Before the small child starts using the toilet at the setting, the childcare worker needs to be aware of the routine in the home. They will need to discuss regularly with parents/carers in order to avoid misunderstanding and making the process more complex for the toddler. If the child is used to using pull up pants at home, the childcare worker must be made aware of this so that they can continue to do so within the setting. The setting will need to know whether the child uses a training seat which is placed on the toilet. If the child uses a small step to lift themselves up to the toilet, a step will be useful in the setting too. All this will make the child feel very comfortable when learning to use the toilet in the setting. Wearing trousers with an elastic band makes it easy to pull them up and down. Boys should not wear dungarees and girls should not wear tights as there will not be enough time for the child to pull them down if they need to use the potty or toilet urgently. It is a good idea to keep spare clothes in the setting in case a child has an accident. Comparisons should not be made between children because everyone is different, and everyone learns and develops at their own pace.

Toilet training is much easier when the weather is nice. Children can just wear their underwear in the home and wear shorts when they are outside of the home at the setting or outside. Unfortunately, the weather isn't always nice, and children need to learn how to use the toilet in all kinds of weather! Learning needs to be fun and it is important that the childcare worker never loses their temper or gets angry if the child does not reach the toilet in time. That would make the child anxious and lead to a refusal to use the toilet or feel under too much pressure to release the bladder.

The childcare worker can offer positive comments if the child uses the toilet at the setting. It is important for the childcare workers to share this with the parents/carers so that they too can praise the child. Seeing other children use the toilet will make every child want to do this so that they feel that they are 'growing up'.

Older children will have accidents sometimes. This may happen if the child is in the middle of doing something and has not noticed that they need to go to the toilet. The childcare worker needs to keep an eye on the child and remind them from time to time. Sometimes, the child will not have reached the toilet in time. The childcare worker needs to be sensitive providing support and encouragement when this happens. If a child has an accident, they will need to be changed in private out of the view of other children.

It is completely natural for a child to wet the bed at night even though they are dry during the day. They are still very young and may have only just begun to stay dry during the day. If an older child wets themselves at night the parent/carer can take them to the toilet in the middle of the night. This will save wetting the bed and will make the child feel much better about themselves.

Developing the skill of using the toilet is a big step for children in terms of acquiring independence skills. Some children will master the art sooner than others but it is important that childcare workers do not compare children and differentiate between them. Children will go through changes that will have a significant emotional effect on them. They will have to change from wearing snug pull up pants to wearing underwear which is much less bulky. They will have to make decisions about when they need to go to the toilet and will need to cope when they have accidents. However, they will develop in the same way as all children and seeing everybody else using the toilet will be a positive step. It is important to show respect to the child, letting them choose whether they want to close the toilet door or not. Childcare workers will need to be in close proximity in case the child needs support when removing their underwear and putting their underwear back on. Childcare workers can also show that they use the toilet by telling the child when they go to the toilet. As part of the process of going to the toilet, the child will need to learn how to wipe themselves correctly ensuring that girls wipe from the front to the back in order to prevent infection in the reproductive area. They will also need to learn about the importance of washing their hands after going to the toilet, in order to ensure good hygiene as faeces contain bacteria. Maintaining these practices from the outset will ensure that they continue as the child grows older.

Whichever way the child learns to use the toilet, they will need positive support from their parents/carers and childcare workers. They may not have used nappies and pull up pants at all or have refused to use the potty and need to go to the toilet straight away. Whatever the child chooses, they must be supported to develop the practice successfully. Reinforcement can be offered by rewarding the child for using the toilet. A toy may be provided to engage the child when they are sitting on the toilet to ensure that they stay there long enough. Giving praise for passing water or faeces is a positive way of showing respect to the child. A sticker chart may also be used as an incentive to encourage this and to make it fun for the child. The reinforcement approach depends on the child's personality and how the parents/carers wish to use it. It is important that all staff within the setting are aware of every individual child's toilet training routine. This will ensure a smooth and successful process of learning. As a child matures they will need more privacy. They will not wish to say that they need to go to the toilet and the childcare worker must respect this and allow the child to go when they wish.

Further reading:

http://bit.ly/2KVg8Ac

Mae’n rhaid i gweithwyr gofal plant adnabod a deall camau datblygiad plant gan ystyried y bydd pob plentyn yn unigryw ac yn datblygu ar wahanol raddfa. Mae angen dangos parch a llawer o amynedd wrth gefnogi plant i ddefnyddio’r toiled yn annibynnol. Ni fydd pob plentyn tair oed wedi datblygu i ddefnyddio’r toiled yn hyderus ac ni allant ddechrau defnyddio’r toiled tan eu bod wedi datblygu i ddeall yr angen i’w defnyddio. Mae angen bod yr ymennydd wedi datblygu i ddeall y neges bod y bledren neu’r perfedd yn llawn. Rhaid i’r plentyn fedru defnyddio iaith i’w alluogi i ddweud wrth y gweithiwr gofal plant ei fod angen mynd i’r toiled neu ddangos drwy ddefnyddio iaith y corff. Bydd plant ychydig yn hŷn yn hyderus ac yn dechrau datblygu i ddefnyddio’r toiled yn annibynnol. Os na fyddant wedi datblygu’r arfer erbyn pump oed efallai bod yna resymau dros hyn. Gall fod oediad o ran datblygiad, haint o’r wrin neu efallai bydd y plentyn yn gwrthod dysgu. Os yw’r plentyn yn gwrthod gall y rhiant/gofalwr efallai newid hyn wrth fynd ag ef/hi i ddewis a phrynu dillad isaf.

Cyn bod y plentyn bach yn dechrau defnyddio’r toiled yn y lleoliad, mae angen bod yn ymwybodol o’r drefn sy’n digwydd yn y cartref. Bydd angen trafod yn gyson gyda rhieni/gofalwyr er mwyn osgoi camddealltwriaeth a gwneud y broses yn fwy cymhleth i’r plentyn bach. Os yw’r plentyn yn gyfarwydd â defnyddio pants tynnu i fyny yn y cartref, mae’n hanfodol bod y gweithiwr gofal plant yn ymwybodol o hyn fel y gall yr arfer barhau yn y lleoliad. Mae angen gwybod a yw’r plentyn yn defnyddio sedd hyfforddiant (training seat) sy’n cael ei osod ar y toiled. Os yw’n defnyddio step fechan i wthio ei hun i fyny i’r toiled, mae’n ddefnyddiol bod un ar gael yn y lleoliad hefyd. Bydd hyn oll yn gwneud y plentyn i deimlo’n gyfforddus iawn wrth ddysgu defnyddio’r toiled yn y lleoliad. Mae gwisgo trowsus gyda chanol elastig yn hawdd i’w tynnu i lawr ac i fyny. Ni ddylid gwisgo bachgen mewn dyngarîs a merch mewn teits gan na fydd digon o amser gan y plentyn i’w tynnu i lawr os byddan nhw ar frys i ddefnyddio’r poti neu doiled. Mae’n syniad da i gadw dillad sbâr yn y lleoliad rhag ofn i’r plentyn gael damwain. Ni ddylid cymharu un plentyn gyda phlentyn arall gan fod pawb yn wahanol ac mae pawb yn dysgu a datblygu ar adegau gwahanol.

Mae’n llawer iawn haws dysgu sut i ddefnyddio’r toiled pan mae’r tywydd yn braf. Mae plant yn gallu gwisgo dillad isaf yn y tŷ a gwisgo siorts pan fydd i ffwrdd o’r cartref yn y lleoliad neu y tu allan. Yn anffodus, nid yw’r tywydd yn braf o hyd ac mae plant angen dysgu sut i ddefnyddio’r toiled ym mhob tywydd! Mae angen i’r dysgu fod yn hwyl ac mae’n bwysig nad yw’r gweithiwr gofal plant yn colli tymer a mynd yn ddig os yw’r plentyn yn methu â chyrraedd y toiled mewn pryd. Byddai hynny’n gwneud y plentyn yn bryderus ac yn arwain at wrthod defnyddio’r toiled o gwbl neu deimlo dan ormod o bwysau i adael y bledren ryddhau’r wrin.

Gall y gweithiwr gofal plant gynnig sylwadau positif os bydd y plentyn yn defnyddio’r toiled yn y lleoliad. Mae’n bwysig bod yr gweithiwr gofal plant yn rhannu hyn gyda’r rhieni/gofalwyr fel bod hwythau hefyd yn medru rhoi clod i’r plentyn. Bydd gweld plant eraill yn defnyddio’r toiled yn gwneud i bob plentyn eisiau gwneud hyn er mwyn iddynt gael y teimlad eu bod yn ‘tyfu i fyny’.

Bydd plentyn hŷn yn cael damweiniau weithiau. Efallai bydd hyn yn digwydd os yw’r plentyn ynghanol gwneud rhywbeth a ddim yn sylwi bod angen mynd i’r toiled. Mae angen i’r gweithiwr gofal plant gadw llygad ar y plentyn a’i atgoffa’r o bryd i’w gilydd. Weithiau, ni fydd y plentyn wedi cyrraedd y toiled mewn pryd. Mae angen i’r gweithiwr gofal plant fod yn sensitif gan gynnig anogaeth a chefnogaeth pan fydd hyn yn digwydd. Os bydd plentyn yn cael damwain, bydd angen ei newid mewn lle preifat fel na fydd plant eraill yn medru ei weld.

Mae’n hollol naturiol i blentyn wlychu’r gwely yn y nos er ei fod yn cadw’n sych yn ystod y dydd. Mae’n dal i fod yn ifanc iawn ac efallai ond wedi dechrau cadw’n sych yn ystod y dydd. Os yw plentyn hŷn yn gwlychu gyda’r nos gall y rhiant/gofalwr ei godi yng nghanol nos i fynd i’r toiled. Bydd hyn yn arbed gwlychu’r gwely ac yn gwneud i’r plentyn deimlo’n llawer gwell am ei hunan.

Mae datblygu’r sgil i ddefnyddio’r toiled yn gam mawr i blentyn ar gyfer meithrin sgiliau annibyniaeth. Bydd rhai plant yn meistroli’r arfer ynghynt na phlant eraill ond mae’n bwysig nad yw’r gweithiwr gofal plant yn eu cymharu a gwahaniaethu rhyngddynt. Bydd plentyn yn mynd trwy newidiadau a fydd yn cael cryn effaith arno yn emosiynol. Bydd yn gorfod newid o wisgo pants tynnu i fyny sydd wedi bod yn ffitio’n glud, i wisgo dillad isaf sydd yn llawer llai swmpus. Bydd yn gorfod gwneud penderfyniadau ynglŷn â phryd y mae angen mynd i’r toiled ac ymdopi pan fydd yn cael damweiniau. Serch hynny, bydd yn datblygu fel pob plentyn arall a bydd gweld pawb arall yn defnyddio’r toiled yn gam positif. Mae’n bwysig dangos parch i’r plentyn gan adael iddo ddewis os yw am gau drws y toiled ai peidio. Mae angen sefyll yn agos rhag ofn bydd angen cymorth wrth ddadwisgo a gwisgo ei ddillad isaf. Gall gweithwyr gofal plant hefyd ddangos eu bod yn defnyddio’r toiled trwy ddweud wrth y plentyn pryd maen nhw’n mynd. Fel rhan o’r broses o fynd i’r toiled, bydd angen i’r plentyn ddysgu sut mae sychu ei hun yn gywir gan wneud yn siŵr bod merched yn sychu eu hunain o’r blaen i’r cefn er mwyn atal haint yn yr ardal genhedlu. Mae hefyd angen dysgu am bwysigrwydd golchi dwylo ar ôl bod yn y toiled, a hyn er mwyn sicrhau hylendid da gan fod bacteria’n bresennol mewn carthion. (faeces). Bydd cynnal yr arferion hyn o’r cychwyn cyntaf yn cadarnhau parhad wrth i’r plentyn dyfu’n hŷn.

Pa bynnag ffordd y mae’r plentyn yn dysgu defnyddio’r toiled, mae angen ei fod yn derbyn cefnogaeth bositif gan ei rieni/gofalwyr a’r gweithwyr gofal plant. Efallai na fydd wedi defnyddio cewynnau a phants tynnu i fyny o gwbl neu wedi gwrthod defnyddio’r poti ac angen mynd i’r toiled yn syth. Beth bynnag fydd dewis y plentyn, rhaid ei gefnogi er mwyn meithrin yr arfer yn llwyddiannus. Gellir cynnig atgyfnerthiad drwy roi gwobr i’r plentyn am ddefnyddio’r toiled. Gellir cynnig tegan i ddiddori’r plentyn pan fydd yn eistedd ar y toiled er mwyn sicrhau ei fod yn aros yno am ddigon hir. Mae rhoi clod am basio dŵr neu garthion yn ffordd bositif i ddangos parch at y plentyn. Gellir hefyd ddefnyddio siart sticeri fel cymhelliad er mwyn annog y weithred hon a’i gwneud yn un hwylus a llawn sbri i’r plentyn. Mae’r atgyfnerthiad yn dibynnu’n union ar bersonoliaeth y plentyn a sut mae rhieni/gofalwyr yn dymuno ei weithredu. Mae’n bwysig bod yr holl staff o fewn y lleoliad yn ymwybodol o’r drefn y mae pob plentyn unigol yn ei defnyddio ar gyfer dysgu defnyddio’r toiled. Bydd hyn yn arwain at broses o ddysgu hwylus a llwyddiannus. Wrth i blentyn aeddfedu bydd angen mwy o breifatrwydd. Ni fydd arno awydd dweud ei fod am fynd i’r toiled ac mae’n rhaid i’r gweithiwr gofal plant barchu hyn a gadael i’r plentyn fynd pryd y mynno.

Darllen pellach:

http://bit.ly/2KVg8Ac

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Monitoring physical care routines and reporting them in line with the workplace setting/policies

Monitro arferion gofal corfforol a’u cofnodi yn unol â pholisïau’r lleoliad

Happy Children

Physical care is an essential part of a child’s life and an integral step towards developing independence. It promotes people's health and well-being and develops their confidence and self-esteem to play an active part in society.

Childcare workers need to work in a way that considers each child as an individual and this planning work needs to be shared with other workers. They should work closely with all members of staff within the setting in order to discover what is best for the children. A relationship should be developed with the parents/carers as they know their children best and have planned for their children's physical care routines from the outset. This will enable the childcare worker to formulate a specific daily routine for the children in order to meet their needs.

It is essential that parents/carers are aware of the setting's arrangements with regard to physical care routines. The childcare worker should encourage them to ask any questions if doing so would lead to a better understanding of the arrangements. Not all children will say if anything is bothering them.

A child may feel uncomfortable using the toilet at the setting as there are too many other children around. Not doing this will make the situation worse for the child. Not going to the toilet may affect the child's health and may affect them emotionally, as well as causing constipation. The childcare worker needs to work in a way which allows children to feel comfortable and the relationship between the setting and the home is essential in order to provide the best care to the child.

The childcare worker needs to keep records so that information about babies/toddlers is exchanged and recorded in line with the setting's policy.

Maintaining such records will provide information to all staff within the setting about physical care routines, such as rest and quiet time. There is no specific format for recording physical care routines, but every child should have their own record chart, this will provide consistency of care. The correct record sheet should be used for the child and the details should include the time and the action taken.

These records need to be clear, reliable and detailed:

  • Eli relaxed by reading a book after the afternoon break.
  • Cai used the toilet for the first time.
  • Nia washed and dried her hands independently.

Every child's physical care routines should be monitored regularly to check their effectiveness. This routine needs to suit the child and keeps them comfortable.

If the child is uncomfortable or frustrated, the routine should be revisited, and changes made, so that the child feels content. As the child grows and develops, physical care routines will change, and the childcare worker will need to work in a way which acknowledges these changes.

As children grow older, the records will become shorter as toddlers will develop their communication skills and say if they need something, e.g. they want to go to the toilet or wash their hands. The setting may have a booklet to be shared between the setting and the home. There will be space for parents/carers to make comments on any changes to the toddler's care routines or if they have started any new physical routine, for example using the toilet confidently at home or starting to brush their teeth independently morning and night. The setting's procedures will aim to ensure that every child develops to be independent. By keeping records of physical care practices, as well as informing others (staff and parents/carers) of children's practices, childcare workers can identify the needs of each individual child. This will allow childcare workers to identify who needs support and with which practice.

When undertaking physical care routines with children, the childcare worker should be aware of any possible risks. For example, an infection developing whilst supporting the child to wipe after using the toilet, or back pain after picking a child up on the school yard. It is essential that the childcare worker works in a way that ensures these risks do not affect their health. The childcare worker should read and understand the setting's policies in order to protect themselves from any dangers when caring for children. For example, disposable gloves must be worn when disposing of waste from the potty and hands must be washed after helping a toddler to use the potty. Such procedures will protect the child and the childcare worker.

Mae gofal corfforol yn rhan hollbwysig o fywyd y plentyn ac yn gam annatod tuag at ddatblygu annibyniaeth. Mae’n hyrwyddo iechyd a llesiant unigolion a’u hyrwyddo i ddatblygu hyder a hunan-barch i gymryd rhan weithredol o fewn y gymdeithas.

Mae angen i’r gweithiwr gofal plant weithio mewn ffordd sy’n ystyried pob plentyn fel unigolyn ac mae angen i’r cynllunio hwn gael ei rannu ymysg gweithwyr eraill. Mae angen gweithio’n agos gyda’r holl staff o fewn y lleoliad er mwyn darganfod beth sydd orau ar gyfer y plant. Mae’n rhaid datblygu perthynas gyda rhieni/gofalwyr gan mai nhw sy’n adnabod eu plant orau, a nhw sydd wedi cynllunio ar gyfer arferion gofal corfforol eu plant o’r cychwyn cyntaf. Bydd hyn yn galluogi’r gweithiwr gofal plant i lunio trefn ddyddiol benodol ar gyfer y baban a’r plentyn er mwyn diwallu ei anghenion. Mae’n hanfodol bod rhieni/gofalwyr yn ymwybodol o drefn y lleoliad ar gyfer gweithredu arferion gofal corfforol. Dylai’r gweithiwr gofal plant eu hannog i holi unrhyw gwestiynau os yw hynny’n arwain at well dealltwriaeth o’r drefn.

Nid yw pob plentyn yn hyderus i ddweud os oes rhywbeth yn eu poeni. Efallai bod plentyn yn anghysurus â defnyddio’r toiled yn y lleoliad gan fod gormod o blant eraill o’i amgylch. Bydd methu hyn yn gwneud y sefyllfa yn waeth i’r plentyn. Gall peidio â mynd i’r toiled effeithio ar iechyd y plentyn a gall effeithio ar y plentyn yn emosiynol yn ogystal ag achosi rhwymedd (constipation). Mae angen i’r gweithiwr gofal plant weithio mewn ffordd sy’n caniatáu i blant deimlo’n gysurus ac mae’r berthynas rhwng y lleoliad a’r cartref yn hanfodol os am sicrhau’r gofal gorau i’r plentyn.

Mae angen i’r gweithiwr gofal plant weithredu dull cofnodi fel bod gwybodaeth am y plant yn cael ei chyfnewid yn unol â pholisi’r lleoliad. Bydd cynnal system gofnodi o’r fath yn rhoi gwybodaeth i holl staff y lleoliad ynghylch arferion gofal corfforol megis cyfnodau i orffwys a chael amser tawel. Nid oes fformat penodol ar gyfer cofnodi arferion gofal corfforol, ond mae’n rhaid i bawb dderbyn siart cofnodi eu hunain gan fod pob plentyn yn ymgymryd ag arferion gwahanol ar amseroedd gwahanol. Bydd hyn yn arwain at gysondeb wrth ofalu amdanynt. Bydd angen i’r cofnodion fod yn glir ac yn ddibynadwy. Rhaid gofalu cofnodi am y plentyn cywir a bydd angen i’r manylion gynnwys yr amser a’r weithred a wnaeth ddigwydd. Mae angen i’r cofnodion ddangos manylder:

  • gwnaeth Eli orffwys gan ddarllen llyfr ar ôl egwyl y prynhawn
  • defnyddiodd Cai y toiled am y tro cyntaf
  • golchodd a sychodd Nia ei dwylo yn annibynnol.

Mae angen monitro arferion gofal corfforol pob plentyn yn rheolaidd er mwyn gweld a yw’n effeithiol. Mae angen bod y drefn yn gweddu i’r plentyn ac yn ei gadw’n gysurus. Os yw’r plentyn yn anghysurus neu’n rhwystredig mae angen ailedrych ar y drefn a gwneud newidiadau fel bod y plentyn yn ddiddig. Wrth i’r plentyn dyfu a datblygu, bydd arferion gofal corfforol yn newid a bydd angen i’r gweithiwr gofal plant weithio mewn ffordd sy’n cydnabod y newidiadau hyn.

Wrth i blant dyfu’n hŷn, bydd y cofnodion yn lleihau gan fod plant yn datblygu i gyfathrebu a dweud os ydynt eisiau rhywbeth, megis mynd i’r toiled neu eisiau golchi’r dwylo. Efallai bydd gan y lleoliad lyfryn a gaiff ei rannu rhwng y lleoliad a’r cartref. Bydd lle i rieni/gofalwyr roi sylwadau am newid mewn arferion gofal y plentyn neu os yw wedi dechrau ar ryw arfer corfforol newydd, er enghraifft defnyddio’r toiled yn hyderus yn y cartref neu ddechrau golchi’r dannedd yn annibynnol bob bore a nos. Bydd gweithdrefnau’r lleoliad yn anelu at sicrhau bod pob plentyn yn datblygu i fod yn annibynnol. Trwy gadw cofnodion a monitro arferion gofal corfforol, yn ogystal â rhoi gwybod i eraill (staff a rhieni/gofalwyr) am arferion plant gall gweithwyr gofal plant nodi anghenion pob plentyn unigol. Bydd hyn yn caniatáu i gweithwyr gofal plant ddarganfod pwy sydd angen cymorth a gyda pha arfer penodol.

Wrth ymgymryd ag arferion gofal corfforol plant, mae angen bod y gweithiwr gofal plant yn ymwybodol o risgiau posibl. Er enghraifft, datblygu haint wrth gefnogi’r plentyn i sychu ei hun ar ôl bod yn y toiled, gwneud niwed i’r cefn wrth godi plentyn sydd wedi cwympo ar yr iard chwarae. Mae’n hanfodol bod y gweithiwr gofal plant yn gweithio mewn ffordd sy’n atal y risgiau yma rhag effeithio ar ei iechyd. Mae angen i’r gweithiwr gofal plant ddarllen a dilyn polisïau’r lleoliad er mwyn amddiffyn ei hun rhag unrhyw beryglon wrth ofalu am blant. Er enghraifft, rhaid gwisgo menig tafladwy wrth gefnogi plentyn i sychu ei hun ar ôl bod yn y toiled a golchi dwylo ar ôl cynorthwyo plant i ddefnyddio’r toiled. Bydd gweithdrefnau o’r fath yn amddiffyn y plentyn a’r gweithiwr gofal plant.

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Awgrymiadau 4: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Modi est praesentium earum exercitationem, accusantium molestiae asperiores reiciendis aliquam doloribus, delectus, cumque odio omnis rem, aliquid et. Quisquam eius, incidunt ab.