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Actions, behaviours or situations that increase the risk of harm, abuse or neglect:
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Harm, abuse or neglect can take place in any setting and so safeguarding procedures need to apply to a wide range of settings and circumstances including:
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The cycle of abuse might have become normalised in the setting or home. If there is a history of abuse in the household there is a higher chance of abuse in the next generation because they have never had an example of what a loving relationship is supposed to look like.
Reasons for not disclosing abuse can include:
These threats are real when abuse is taking place and the position of power is being misused.
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As a health and social care worker, it may be thought of as abuse or neglect if they cause harm to someone or do not do the things they should to prevent harm. It is important that they know the ways of working to safeguard adults in the workplace, and the actions, behaviours or situations that increase the risk of harm or abuse.
The term institutional or organisational abuse is the harm, treatment or neglect of an individual at risk by an organisation or group. Organisational abuse is more likely to happen when standards are poor, the lives of individuals are made to fit around a rota and routines or workers feel unsupported by their management. This can lead to a way of working that everyone will begin to see as acceptable. They do not try to challenge the situation because they are afraid of speaking out about what is being accepted by the majority. In addition, where workers have not been trained and supported to minimise restrictive practices and use positive approaches to address possible underlying causes of behaviours, this could increase the risk of harm and abuse.
Extra training is very important when dealing with particular care and support needs of an individual, such as a sensory impairment, a mental health issue, dementia or a learning disability. A reaction could be taken as a symptom of their condition rather than an attempt to tell someone what is happening to them. This confusion could lead to harm and abuse.
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Online perpetrators frequent places where adults, children or young people are present. This includes gaming websites, social networks (such as Facebook, Tumblr and Twitter) and chatrooms. Perpetrators often take on a false identity and may pretend to be someone closer to the child's age or someone the child, young person or adult might admire such as a celebrity. The perpetrator will look at what the adult, child or young person posts, their likes and dislikes and what activities they are involved in. This information is used to quickly establish a connection and trust with the adult, child or young person. The perpetrator will aim to persuade the adult, child or young person to send them explicit images and may also try to meet them in person.
Perpetrators often use fear or embarrassment to keep an adult, child or young person from telling another individual about the abuse. They may use statements, such as “No one will believe you”, or threaten them with danger to keep them from telling.
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Part 7 of the Social Services and Well-being (Wales) Act requires a Safeguarding Children Board to carry out multi-agency Child Practice Reviews and a Safeguarding Adult Board to carry out multi-agency Adult Practice Reviews in specific situations. Extended reviews might also have to be undertaken and they take place under other criteria.
A Practice Review is held if:
Practice reviews are held to enable professionals and organisations to learn from what happened to inform their future practice and safeguarding procedures. The views of the individual and their family, carers and others significant to them are taken into account wherever possible and as appropriate.
Examples of Child and Adult Practice Review reports can be found on the National Independent Safeguarding Board Wales website:
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