Promoting health and well-being throughout the life stages Hybu iechyd a llesiant drwy gydol camau bywyd
Key physical, intellectual, emotional and social aspects that affect growth and development across the lifespan of individuals – Physical – Monitoring Growth Part 2 Agweddau corfforol, deallusol, emosiynol a chymdeithasol allweddol sy'n effeithio ar dwf a datblygiad ar draws rhychwant oes unigolion – Corfforol – Monitro Twf Rhan 2

The Schedule of Growing Skills (SoGS) is an invaluable tool for professionals who need to establish the developmental levels of children. The individual assessment can be used at any time with children from birth to 5 years, enabling professionals to assess them as and when appropriate and convenient.

The schedule of growing skills establishes the developmental levels of young children by checking against nine key areas:

• Passive posture - this examines a child’s posture when resting.
• Active posture - this examines a child’s posture when standing or active.
• Locomotor - this examines the child’s movement, such as running, jumping, skipping, hopping.
• Manipulative - this examines a child’s gross and fine motor skills.
• Visual - this examines the child’s ability to make sense of what the eyes see and can be tested with puzzles and drawing etc.
• Hearing and language - hearing and language skills are closely linked. Children with hearing problems may display problems with understanding abstract words, such as kind and jealous or the, a and an. They can also struggle with homophones.
• Speech and language - speech and language are tested for delay. A child with language delay might pronounce words well but only be able to put two words together, whereas a child with speech delay may string lots of words together but they will be difficult to understand.
• Interactive social - this examines a child’s ability to interact with the individuals around them. It involves being able to communicate, both verbally and non-verbally, and having the ability to show empathy, among other things.
• Self-care social - this examines a child’s ability to carry out everyday tasks, such as washing, dressing, cleaning their teeth, feeding themselves etc.

A KEY word to remember if you want to revise the key areas of the Schedule of Growing Skills is MISHAPS.

Manipulative
Interactive social
Speech and language
Hearing and language
Active posture
Passive posture
Self-care social

Using colourful and engaging toys, like building blocks, a doll, pegs and shapes, makes the assessment tasks feel like playtime to the child, allowing professionals to observe and assess reactions while the child ‘plays’. A simple scoring system highlights developmental areas where children might potentially have a delay, indicating where referral might be necessary.

Mae'r Rhestr Sgiliau Tyfu (SoGS) yn adnodd gwerthfawr iawn i weithwyr proffesiynol y mae angen iddyn nhw bennu lefelau datblygiadol plant. Gellir defnyddio'r asesiad unigol ar unrhyw adeg gyda phlant o adeg eu geni hyd at 5 oed, gan alluogi gweithwyr proffesiynol i'w hasesu pan fo'n briodol ac yn gyfleus.

Mae'r rhestr sgiliau tyfu yn pennu lefelau datblygiadol plant ifanc drwy gymharu yn erbyn naw maes allweddol:

• Ymddaliad goddefol - mae hyn yn archwilio ymddaliad plentyn wrth orffwys.
• Ymddaliad gweithgar - mae hyn yn archwilio ymddaliad plentyn wrth sefyll neu pan fo'n weithgar.
• Ymsymudiad - mae hyn yn archwilio symudiadau'r plentyn, fel rhedeg, neidio, sgipio, hercian.
• Llawdrin - mae hyn yn archwilio sgiliau echddygol bras a manwl plentyn.
• Gweledol - mae hyn yn archwilio gallu'r plentyn i wneud synnwyr o'r hyn y mae'r llygaid yn ei weld a gellir ei brofi gan ddefnyddio posau a thynnu lluniau ac ati.
• Y clyw ac iaith - mae cysylltiad agos rhwng y clyw a sgiliau iaith. Gall plant â phroblemau clyw ei chael hi'n anodd deall geiriau haniaethol, fel caredig a chenfigennus neu'r gwahaniaeth rhwng 'a' ac 'an' yn Saesneg. Gallan nhw hefyd ei chael hi'n anodd ymdrin â homoffonau.
• Lleferydd ac iaith - caiff lleferydd ac iaith eu profi er mwyn canfod unrhyw achosion o oedi. Mae'n bosibl y bydd plentyn sy'n dioddef oedi o ran ei ddatblygiad iaith yn ynganu geiriau'n dda ond mai dim ond dau air y bydd yn gallu eu rhoi at ei gilydd, ond y bydd plentyn sy'n dioddef oedi o ran datblygiad ei leferydd yn gallu rhoi llawer o eiriau at ei gilydd ond bydd y geiriau hynny'n anodd i'w deall.
• Cymdeithasol rhyngweithiol - mae hyn yn archwilio gallu plentyn i ryngweithio â'r unigolion o'i gwmpas. Mae'n cynnwys gallu cyfathrebu, ar lafar ac yn ddi-eiriau, a'r gallu i ddangos empathi, ymhlith pethau eraill.
• Cymdeithasol hunanofal - mae hyn yn archwilio gallu plentyn i ymgymryd â thasgau cyffredin, fel golchi, gwisgo, brwsio ei ddannedd, bwydo ei hun ac ati.

Gair Saesneg ALLWEDDOL i'w gofio os ydych am adolygu meysydd allweddol y Rhestr Sgiliau Tyfu yw MISHAPS.

Manipulative - Llawdrin
Interactive social - Cymdeithasol rhyngweithiol
Speech and language - Lleferydd ac iaith
Hearing and language - Y clyw ac iaith
Active posture - Ymddaliad gweithgar
Passive posture - Ymddaliad goddefol
Self-care social - Cymdeithasol hunanofal

Gan fod y tasgau asesu’n defnyddio teganau lliwgar a diddorol, fel blociau adeiladu, dol, pegiau a siapiau, mae’r tasgau asesu’n teimlo fel amser chwarae i’r plentyn. Mae hynny’n galluogi gweithwyr proffesiynol i arsylwi ac asesu ymatebion wrth i’r plentyn ‘chwarae’. Mae system sgorio syml yn tynnu sylw at feysydd datblygiadol lle gallai plentyn o bosibl fod yn dangos arwyddion o oedi, gan nodi lle gallai fod angen atyfeirio'r achos.

The SoGS provides a clear graphical representation of a child’s developmental level – an ideal basis for discussion with other professionals and parents within Wales.

The SoGS is quick and easy to use. With clear administration instructions for all items and guidelines for scoring and interpreting results, the user can provide feedback within 30 minutes.

Using the SoGS as a universal screening measure ensures that all children are assessed in a consistent way.

A separate cognitive score can be derived from relevant items to aid interpretation.

Mae'r Rhestr Sgiliau Tyfu yn darparu cynrychioliad clir ar ffurf graff o lefel ddatblygiadol plant – sail ddelfrydol ar gyfer trafodaethau â gweithwyr proffesiynol eraill a rhieni yng Nghymru.

Mae'r Rhestr Sgiliau Tyfu yn gyflym ac yn hawdd i'w defnyddio. Mae'n cynnwys cyfarwyddiadau gweinyddol clir ar gyfer pob eitem a chanllawiau ar gyfer sgorio a dehongli canlyniadau, a gall y defnyddiwr roi adborth o fewn 30 munud.

Mae defnyddio'r Rhestr Sgiliau Tyfu fel mesur sgrinio cyffredinol yn sicrhau y caiff pob plentyn ei asesu mewn ffordd gyson.

Gellir canfod sgôr wybyddol ar wahân o eitemau perthnasol er mwyn helpu i ddehongli'r canlyniadau.

Sight

Babies can see from birth, but their vision is blurry. They can make out light, movement and shapes. Young babies will turn their eyes to the source of light and will blink in response to bright lights.

By 1 month old a baby can see between 20cm – 30cm clearly. They focus closely on the face of the person holding them.

By 2 months old they can distinguish between colours and may be attracted to bright, primary shades.

By 4 months old a baby’s depth perception is more developed and this will help them grab for toys.

By 8 months old a baby’s eyesight is almost the same as an adult’s. While they can see things close up more clearly, they are able to see things or people across the room.

By 9 months old a baby’s eyesight is sharp enough to see something as small as a crumb.

By 12 months old they can tell the difference between near and far and can spot people they recognise from a distance.

Golwg

Gall babanod weld o adeg eu geni, ond mae eu golwg yn gymylog. Gallan nhw weld golau, symudiadau a siapiau. Bydd babanod ifanc yn troi eu llygaid tuag at ffynhonnell y golau ac yn amrantu mewn ymateb i oleuadau llachar.

Erbyn 1 mis oed, gall baban weld rhwng 20cm a 30cm yn glir. Bydd yn ffocysu'n glir ar wyneb y person sy'n ei ddal.

Erbyn 2 fis oed, gall wahaniaethu rhwng lliwiau ac mae'n bosibl y caiff ei ddenu gan liwiau sylfaenol llachar.

Erbyn 4 mis oed, mae canfyddiad dyfnder baban yn fwy datblygedig, a bydd hyn yn ei helpu i estyn am deganau.

Erbyn 8 mis oed, mae golwg baban fwy neu lai yr un fath â golwg oedolyn. Gall weld pethau sy'n agos yn gliriach, a gall weld pethau neu bobl ar draws yr ystafell.

Erbyn 9 mis oed, mae golwg baban yn ddigon clir i weld rhywbeth mor fach â briwsionyn.

Erbyn 12 mis oed, gall nodi'r gwahaniaeth rhwng agos a phell a gall nodi pobl y mae'n ei adnabod o bellter.

Hearing

Hearing develops while the baby is in the womb and is fully functioning at birth.

Babies with normal hearing between birth and 3 months should startle at loud sounds, be soothed by their parent’s voice and begin to coo, among other things.

Between 3 and 6 months they should be babbling, show interest in toys that make sounds and be laughing.

By the time they are 1 they should be turning their head towards sounds, listening when spoken to and imitating sounds.

By the time a child starts school at 4 years old, they should be speaking in sentences of four or more words and be able to answer simple questions.

Y Clyw

Mae'r clyw yn datblygu pan fydd y baban yn y groth ac mae'n gweithredu'n llawn adeg ei eni.

Dylai babanod â chlyw normal rhwng adeg eu geni a 3 mis oed ddychryn wrth glywed synau uchel, cael eu lleddfu gan lais eu rhiant a dechrau cŵan, ymhlith pethau eraill.

Rhwng 3 a 6 mis oed, dylen nhw fod yn parablu, yn dangos diddordeb mewn teganau sy'n gwneud synau ac yn chwerthin.

Erbyn iddyn nhw gyrraedd blwydd oed, dylen nhw fod yn troi eu pen tuag at synau, yn gwrando pan fydd rhywun yn siarad â nhw ac yn efelychu synau.

Erbyn i blentyn ddechrau'r ysgol yn 4 oed, dylai fod yn siarad mewn brawddegau o bedwar gair neu fwy a dylai allu ateb cwestiynau syml.

Teeth

The development of teeth begins while the baby is in the womb. At birth, the baby has a full set of 20 primary teeth. Primary teeth are also known as baby teeth or milk teeth.

The two front teeth in the lower jaw are usually the first to come through. This occurs somewhere between the ages of 6 and 10 months.

The two front teeth in the upper jaw come through between the ages of 8 and 13 months.

The incisors, which are the teeth on each side of the front teeth, come through in both the upper and lower jaws between the ages of 8 and 16 months. The lower set tends to come through before the upper set.

The first set of upper and lower molars come through between the ages of 13 and 19 months.

Canine teeth come through in both the upper and lower jaws between the ages of 16 and 23 months.

Children usually have their full set of 20 primary teeth by the age of 3 years.

The age adult teeth or permanent teeth come through differs from one child to the next. Generally, the timeline for each type of permanent tooth is:

• first molars – between 6 and 7 years
• central incisors – between 6 and 8 years
• lateral incisors – between 7 and 8 years
• canine teeth – between 9 and 13 years
• premolars – between 9 and 13 years
• second molars – between 11 and 13 years
• third molars (wisdom teeth) – between the ages of 17 and 21 years, if at all.

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/

Dannedd

Mae datblygiad y dannedd yn dechrau pan fydd y baban yn y groth. Adeg ei eni, bydd gan faban set lawn o 20 o ddannedd sylfaenol. Cyfeirir at ddannedd sylfaenol hefyd fel dannedd baban neu ddannedd llaeth.

Fel arfer, y ddau ddant blaen yn yr ên isaf sy'n ymddangos gyntaf, a hynny rhwng 6 a 10 mis oed.

Bydd y ddau ddant blaen yn yr ên uchaf yn ymddangos rhwng 8 mis ac 13 mis oed.

Mae'r blaenddannedd, sef y dannedd y naill ochr i'r dannedd blaen, yn ymddangos yn yr ên uchaf a'r ên isaf rhwng 8 ac 16 mis oed. Mae'r set isaf yn dueddol o ymddangos cyn y set uchaf.

Mae'r set gyntaf o gilddannedd uchaf ac isaf yn ymddangos rhwng 13 mis ac 19 mis oed.

Mae'r dannedd llygad yn ymddangos yn yr ên uchaf a'r ên isaf rhwng 16 a 23 mis oed.

Fel arfer, bydd gan blant set lawn o 20 o ddannedd sylfaenol erbyn iddynt gyrraedd 3 oed.

Mae'r oedran y bydd dannedd oedolyn neu ddannedd parhaol yn ymddangos yn wahanol o un plentyn i'r llall. Yn gyffredinol, mae'r llinell amser ar gyfer pob math o ddant parhaol fel a ganlyn:

• cilddannedd cyntaf – rhwng 6 a 7 oed
• blaenddannedd canolog – rhwng 6 ac 8 oed
• blaenddannedd ochrol – rhwng 7 ac 8 oed
• dannedd llygad – rhwng 9 ac 13 oed
• gogilddannedd – rhwng 9 ac 13 oed
• ail gilddannedd – rhwng 11 a 13 oed
• trydydd cilddannedd (cilddannedd ôl) – rhwng 17 a 21 oed, os o gwbl.

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/