Organisms that can cause illness are all around us: in air, water, soil, and food as well as in the bodies of animals and other people.
Infection occurs when some of them get past a series of natural defences.
Those defences include:
The immune system's responses may fail if the germs are too numerous, or if they are too virulent. "Virulent" describes germs that are particularly good at countering the body's defences.
For instance, some microbes can prevent antibodies from forming against them.
Another important factor is the functioning of the immune system. If it is damaged or weakened, for instance, by age, or illness then infection is more likely.
Babies tend to get more infections because their immune systems have not yet learned to recognize and attack some microbes.
Mae organebau sy'n gallu achosi salwch o'n cwmpas ym mhob man: mewn aer, dŵr, pridd, a bwyd yn ogystal ag yng nghyrff anifeiliaid a phobl eraill.
Mae haint yn digwydd pan fydd rhai ohonynt yn mynd heibio i gyfres o amddiffynfeydd naturiol.
Mae’r amddiffynfeydd hynny yn cynnwys:
Gall ymatebion y system imiwnedd fethu os yw'r germau'n rhy niferus, neu os ydynt yn rhy ffyrnig. Mae "ffyrnig" yn disgrifio germau sy'n arbennig o dda am wrthsefyll amddiffynfeydd y corff.
Er enghraifft, gall rhai microbau atal gwrthgyrff rhag ffurfio yn eu herbyn.
Ffactor pwysig arall yw'r modd mae'r system imiwnedd yn gweithio. Os yw wedi'i ddifrodi neu ei wanhau, er enghraifft, gan oedran, neu salwch, mae haint yn fwy tebygol.
Mae babanod yn tueddu i gael mwy o heintiau am nad yw eu systemau imiwnedd wedi dysgu adnabod ac ymosod ar rai microbau eto.
Drag the natural defences in the table below to the correct description of how they operate.
Llusgwch yr amddiffynfeydd naturiol yn y tabl isod at y disgrifiad cywir o sut maen nhw'n gweithredu.
Well done. You have matched them all correctly.
Da iawn. Rydych wedi paru pob un yn gywir.
Natural defences Termau |
How they operate Diffiniadau |
Correct answers |
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Rhybudd! Ni ellir defnyddio’r adnodd yma ar ffonau symudol neu dabled.