Health and well-being (adults) Iechyd a llesiant (oedolion)
Continence Ymataliaeth

Continence refers to control of the bladder and bowel. It is the ability to retain urine or faeces until the proper time or place for their release. A continent individual knows when they need the bathroom and uses it.

Factors that may contribute to difficulties with continence include:

• childbirth
• being overweight
• enlarged prostate or prostate surgery
• stroke
• neurological disorder e.g. Parkinson’s disease, Multiple sclerosis
• spinal cord injury
• diabetes
• mobility issues linked to disability (this is referred to as functional incontinence. The individual is aware they need the toilet but unable to get there independently)
• dementia or memory difficulty
• bowel or bladder infection, urinary tract infection
• Crohn's disease
• diarrhoea/constipation
• medication e.g. diuretics, opioids, antidepressants
• alcohol and caffeine
• smoking
• changes with age
• obstruction (e.g. urinary stones)
• family history
• drugs e.g. ketamine.

Ystyr ymataliaeth yw rheolaeth dros y bledren a'r coluddyn, hynny yw, y gallu i ddal wrin neu ysgarthion nes bod amser neu le priodol i'w rhyddhau. Mae unigolyn ymataliol yn gwybod pryd mae angen defnyddio'r toiled ac yn gwneud hynny.

Ymhlith y ffactorau a all gyfrannu at broblemau ymataliaeth mae:

• geni plant
• bod dros bwysau
• prostad wedi chwyddo neu lawdriniaeth ar y brostad
• strôc
• anhwylder niwrolegol, e.e. clefyd Parkinson, sglerosis ymledol
• anaf i fadruddyn y cefn
• diabetes
• problemau symudedd sy'n gysylltiedig ag anabledd (weithiau gelwir hyn yn anymataliaeth ymarferol. Mae'r unigolyn yn ymwybodol bod angen iddo ddefnyddio'r toiled ond ni all fynd yno'n annibynnol)
• dementia neu broblemau gyda'r cof
• haint yn y coluddyn neu'r bledren, haint y llwybr wrinol
• clefyd Crohn
• dolur rhydd/rhwymedd
• meddyginiaeth e.e. diwretigion, opioidau, cyffuriau gwrth-iselder
• alcohol a chaffein
• ysmygu
• newidiadau yn unol ag oedran
• rhwystr (e.e. cerrig wrinol)
• hanes y teulu
• cyffuriau e.e. cetamin.

Incontinence can be upsetting for both the individual involved and those around them.

Incontinence can impact on work, exercise, sex and social life having a significant impact on well-being and self-esteem. Many individuals who have difficulties with continence also experience depression.

If an individual is unable to exercise this will impact on their weight which may exacerbate continence problems. Daily routines such as housework and shopping can become a problem leading to poor nutrition and living conditions. Individuals may feel dirty, worry that they smell or their clothes are soiled and can become isolated and depressed or anxious. Feelings of frustration or anger may be displayed.

Incontinence can affect performance and confidence at work with frequent toilet visits which an individual may not feel comfortable explaining to their manager. It may limit choices of clothing which will have a negative impact on self-esteem.

Individuals who need the toilet frequently at night are not getting enough rest which will affect concentration and lower the immune system making them more vulnerable to illness.

Gall anymataliaeth beri gofid i'r unigolyn dan sylw ac i bobl o'i gwmpas.

Gall ymataliaeth effeithio ar waith, ymarfer corff, rhyw a bywyd cymdeithasol, gan gael effaith sylweddol ar lesiant a hunan-barch. Mae llawer o unigolion sy'n wynebu problemau ymataliaeth hefyd yn profi iselder.

Os na all unigolyn wneud ymarfer corff, bydd hyn yn effeithio ar ei bwysau, a all waethygu problemau ymataliaeth. Gall arferion dyddiol fel gwaith tŷ a siopa fynd yn broblem gan arwain at faethiad ac amodau byw gwael. Gall unigolion deimlo'n fudr, poeni eu bod yn drewi neu fod eu dillad wedi'u baeddu a mynd yn ynysig ac yn isel neu'n bryderus. Gellir arddangos teimladau o rwystredigaeth neu ddicter.

Gall anymataliaeth effeithio ar berfformiad a hyder yn y gwaith, e.e. os bydd unigolyn yn mynd i'r toiled yn aml ac efallai ddim yn teimlo'n gyfforddus yn esbonio hynny i'w reolwr. Gall gyfyngu ar ddewisiadau o ran dillad, a fydd yn cael effaith negyddol ar hunan-barch.

Nid yw unigolion sydd angen mynd i'r toiled yn aml yn ystod y nos yn cael digon o orffwys, a fydd yn effeithio ar eu gallu i ganolbwyntio ac yn gostwng eu system imiwnedd, gan olygu eu bod yn fwy agored i salwch.

It is important that the different beliefs, sexual preferences and values of individuals are respected in the management of continence to ensure they receive appropriate support.

Gender, sexual preferences, beliefs, religion and culture can impact on the wishes of individuals. If these are not considered and followed it may result in social isolation and healthcare issues.

Individuals from all backgrounds may experience embarrassment regarding continence issues and may not be willing to discuss them with a professional of the opposite sex. They could also feel uncomfortable undressing in front of others.

In some cultures, it is forbidden for women to expose their bodies to men apart from their husbands who they may not wish to discuss issues with, so they will avoid any physical examinations.

Incontinence can have an effect on religion for some cultures (in particular Jewish and Muslim women) as it affects the need for cleanliness during prayer. Muslim women have a strong preference for female doctors. This is for cultural reasons. Barriers to communication and language differences may prevent discussion in regard to continence. If translators are used, individuals may be concerned about confidentiality. Individuals may be reluctant to use family members to translate because of embarrassment.

Transgender men may struggle to find the appropriate toilet for them to use. However, things are improving in this area as there are now LGBT toilets in most city centres and buildings around the UK where younger members of the public frequent. Most FE colleges and universities offer these facilities.

Mae'n bwysig bod credoau, cyfeiriadedd rhywiol a gwerthoedd unigolion yn cael eu parchu wrth reoli ymataliaeth er mwyn sicrhau eu bod yn cael cymorth priodol.

Gall rhywedd, cyfeiriadedd rhywiol, credoau, crefydd a diwylliant effeithio ar ddymuniadau unigolion. Os na chaiff y rhain eu hystyried a'u dilyn, gall hynny arwain at ynysu cymdeithasol a phroblemau gofal iechyd.

Gall unigolion o bob cefndir deimlo cywilydd mewn perthynas â phroblemau ymataliaeth, ac efallai na fyddant yn fodlon eu trafod â gweithiwr proffesiynol o'r rhyw arall. Gallent hefyd deimlo'n anghyfforddus yn dadwisgo o flaen pobl eraill.

Mewn rhai diwylliannau, gwaherddir menywod rhag dangos eu cyrff i ddynion ar wahân i'w gwŷr na fyddant o bosibl yn dymuno trafod problemau â nhw, felly byddant yn osgoi unrhyw archwiliadau corfforol.

Gall anymataliaeth effeithio ar grefydd mewn rhai diwylliannau (yn enwedig menywod Iddewig a Mwslimaidd) am fod hynny'n effeithio ar yr angen i fod yn lân wrth weddïo. Mae'n well o lawer gan fenywod Mwslimaidd weld meddygon benywaidd, a hynny am resymau diwylliannol. Gall rhwystrau rhag cyfathrebu a gwahaniaethau iaith atal trafodaeth ynglŷn ag ymataliaeth. Os defnyddir cyfieithwyr, efallai y bydd unigolion yn pryderu am gyfrinachedd. Gall unigolion fod yn amharod i ddefnyddio aelodau o'r teulu i gyfieithu am eu bod yn teimlo cywilydd.

Gall dynion trawsrywiol ei chael hi'n anodd dod o hyd i'r toiled priodol i'w ddefnyddio. Fodd bynnag, mae pethau'n gwella yn y maes hwn gan fod toiledau LGBT bellach ar gael yn y rhan fwyaf o ganol dinasoedd ac adeiladau ledled y DU y bydd aelodau iau o'r cyhoedd yn eu mynychu. Mae'r rhan fwyaf o golegau addysg bellach a phrifysgolion yn cynnig y cyfleusterau hyn.